H  O  M  E 


:G-1NN  AND-  COMPAN 


OCi  21  « 
GIFT 


LIBRARY 

OF  THE 

UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA. 

GIFT  - 
Class 


HOME  GEOGRAPHY 

AND 

TYPE  STUDIES 


BY 

ALEXIS  EVERETT  FRYE 

il 
FIRST  SUPERINTENDENT  OF  SCHOOLS  IN  CUBA 

AUTHOR  OF  "BROOKS  AND  BROOK  BASINS,"  "FIRST  STEPS  IN  GEOGRAPHY," 

"GRAMMAR  SCHOOL  GEOGRAPHY,"  "LEADING  FACTS 

OF  GEOGRAPHY,"  ETC. 


GINN  AND  COMPANY 

BOSTON  •  NEW  YORK  •  CHICAGO   LONDON 


COPYRIGHT,  1011,  BY  ALEXIS  E.  FRYE 


Go*   k  1  ibil 
GIFT 

PREFACE 

Aim.  This  book  aims  to  present  in  simple  language  those  subjects 
which  will  best  smooth  the  beginner's  pathway  to  the  later  study  of 
general  geography.  A  glance  at  the  CONTENTS  on  the  next  page  will 
show  the  wide  range  of  topics  for  both  city  and  country  pupils. 

Plan.  The  lessons  cover  HOME  GEOGRAPHY  in  its  broad  sense,  and 
not  merely  definitions  of  land  and  water  forms.  The  pupil  should 
know  a  plain  and  a  river,  but  he  should  know  also  what  use  is  made 
of  them.  The  factory  and  the  freight  steamer  are  as  important  as  the 
volcano  and  the  glacier. 

Type  Studies.  These  studies  are  based  upon  some  of  the  most  inter- 
esting features  or  WONDERS  OF  OUR  COUNTRY.  They  aim  to  awaken 
an  interest  in  the  study  of  geography  and  to  familiarize  pupils  with 
geographic  terms.  Other  type  studies  of  the  GIRLS  AND  BOYS  OF  OTHER 
LANDS  aim  to  intensify  HOME  GEOGRAPHY  by  interesting  contrasts. 

Grade.  Pupils  ready  for  a  simple  third  reader  can  begin  the  study 
of  this  book.  The  text  is  graded  with  great  care. 

Pictures.  This  is  one  of  the  most  richly  illustrated  schoolbooks  ever 
sent  out  to  young  pupils.  Child  life  is  the  central  thought,  as  a  glance 
at  a  few  pages  will  show. 

To  pupils  of  this  age,  good  pictures  qften  teach  more  than  text.  The 
dress  of  the  people,  fo£  BxampLe1,  sojajp  impress  a  lesson  on  climate,  as  is 


clearly  shown  by  the.  pi(>tiirQg  .on  .pages  1'  and  2. 

Maps.  The  series'  bf  very  'simple'1  maps1  at  the  end  of  the  book  will 
be  of  help  in  locating  places  named  in  the  type  studies.  Moreover,  no 
HOME  GEOGRAPHY  is  complete  unless  it  contains  maps  of  all  the  con- 
tinents, making  it  possible  for  pupils  to  locate  places  named  from  day 
to  day.  The  old  but  simple  device  of  printing  north,  south,  east  and 
west  in  the  map  margins  is  here  used. 

Helps.  Teachers  will  welcome  the  lesson  HELPS.  They  will  aid  in 
the  study  of  the  text  and  also  in  oral  work  with  the  pupils. 

FIRST  BOOK  IN  GEOGBAPHY  •  COPYRIGHT,  1910,  BY  ALEXIS  EVERETT  FRYE  •  ENTERED  AT  STATIONERS'  HALL 

311.8 

ii 


CONTENTS 


HOME  GEOGRAPHY 


THE  Am  .  .  .  . 
THE  WATER  .  .  . 
FORMS  OF  WATER  . 
THE  SOIL  .  .  .  . 
AUTUMN  . 
WINTER  . 

SPRING 

SUMMER       . 
KEEPING  RECORDS  . 
How  PLANTS  GROW 


4 
5 
6 
7 
8 

10 
10 
12 


GARDENS 12 

EARLY  VEGETABLES 14 

THE  DAIRY  FARM 15 

WHAT  is  DONE  WITH  THE  MILK        .  16 

MAKING  BUTTER 17 

MAKING  CHEESE 18 

HILL,  VALLEY  AND  PLAIN    ....  20 

THE  WHEAT  FARM 21 

THE  FLOUR  MILL 23 

SHEEP  AND  WOOL 24 

MAKING  WOOLEN  CLOTH       ....  25 

FIBERS  FOR  CLOTH .26 

THE  STORY  OF  COTTON 27 

USES  OF  TREES 29 

THE  USEFUL  PALMS 30 

IN  A  FOREST 32 

MOUNTAINS 34 

VOLCANOES 36 

How  WE  TRADE 36 

RAILROADS 38 

LIFE  IN  THE  CITY 40 

SEWERS  OF  A  CITY 42 

HEALTH  OF  A  CITY 43 

TRAVEL  IN  A  CITY 44 

SENDING  A  LETTER 46 

HARBOR  AND  PORT 48 

WHY  SEAPORTS  GROW  48 


PAGE 

WHY  OTHER  CITIES  GROW  ....  50 

POINTS  OF  THE  COMPASS      ....  51 

SHORE  FORMS 52 

FACTORIES 53 

PRINTING  A  BOOK 54 

BINDING  A  BOOK 55 

THE  PICTURE  ON  THE  COVER  ...  56 

MARKET  FOR  GOODS 58 

How  BRICKS  ARE  MADE 58 

BUILDING  STONE      . 59 

TRADE  OF  A  SEAPORT      .....  60 

KINDS  OF  WORK  IN  A  CITY     ...  62 

WHY  LAWS  ARE  MADE 62 

TAXES  AND  THEIR  USES 64 

WONDERS  OF  OUR  COUNTRY 

YELLOWSTONE  PARK     ...,,.  65 

MISSISSIPPI  RIVER 66 

GREAT  LAKES 69 

NIAGARA  FALLS 72 

THE  PRAIRIES 74 

MAMMOTH    CAVE    AND    NATURAL 

BRIDGE 75 

GRAND  CANYON 76 

YOSEMITE  AND  THE  BlG  TREES    .     .  78 

UNDERGROUND  WONDERS      ....  79 

SEA  WONDERS 82 

GIRLS  AND  BOYS  OF  OTHER  LANDS 

THE  BLACK  PEOPLE 84 

THE  RED  PEOPLE 88 

THE  YELLOW  PEOPLE 90 

CHILDREN  OF  THE  FAR  NORTH    .     .  93 

HOME  OF  THE  LAPPS 96 

CHILDREN  OF  THE  DESERT  ....  98 

THE  BROWN  PEOPLE 101 

IN  THE  LOWLANDS 103 

IN  THE  HIGHLANDS      .          ....  105 


223724 


A  red  man  before  his  tent 


White  boys  who  live  in  a  cold  land 


GEOGRAPHY 


THE  EARTH 

We  live  on  a  ball.  It  is  very 
large.  We  call  it  the  earth. 

The  land  is  part  of  the  earth. 
The  water  also  is  part  of  it.  The 
earth  has  air  on  all  sides. 

This  book  tells  about  the  earth. 
It  shows  us  many  pictures. 

See  the  boys  with  warm  coats. 
They  live  in  a  cold  land.  They  like 


to  slide  on  the  snow.  We  shall 
read  about  the  land  they  live  in. 
It  is  far  away. 

The  red  man  is  an  Indian.  He 
has  a  gun  and  a  pony.  He  shoots 
also  with  a  bow. 

This  book  tells  about  the  people 
of  many  lands.  It  tells  what  they 
do.  It  shows  their  homes. 

Geography  is  a  story  about  the 
earth  and  its  people. 


1.  The  Air 

Can  you  feel  the  air? 
Swing  your  hand  in  it. 

Drop  a  small  piece 
of  paper.  Why  does  it 
flutter  as  it  falls  ? 

We  live  and  move 
in  air.  When  we  walk, 
we  move  the  air  as  a 
boat  moves  water. 

We  must  have  air 
to  breathe.  A  bit  of 
food  in  the  windpipe 
chokes  us.  It  shuts 
out  the  air. 

A  person  chokes 
under  water  if  he  can- 
not rise  to  the  air.  We 
call  this  drowning. 

Bugs  need  air.  They 
find  it  even  in  the 
ground.  Plants  also 
must  have  air. 

Clouds  float  in  the 
air.  They  show  us 
which  way  the  wind 
blows.  Smoke  and  dust 
also  show  us  how  the 
wind  blows. 

The  wind  is  moving 
air.  It  is  often  very 


These  little  people  live  in  a  land 

where  warm  winds  blow  and 

warm  rain  falls 


strong  in  storms.  It 
blows  down  trees  and 
houses. 

Air  at  rest  is  calm. 

The  wind  brings 
clouds,  which  often 
turn  to  rain.  The  wind 
may  come  from  cold  or 
from  warm  places.  It 
gives  us  cold  days  or 
warm  days. 

We  do  not  know 
how  high  the  air  is 


These  people  live  where  cold 
winds  blow  and  snow  falls 

'2 


it  is  very  high.  Clouds 
show  us  that. 

Far  up  in  the  sky 
there  is  only  a  little  air 
and  it  is  very  cold. 

It  is  hard  to  breathe 
on  high  mountains. 
There  is  not  enough 
air. 

The  air  has  many 
other  uses.  It  helps 
birds  to  fly.  It  moves 
ships.  It  turns  wind- 
mills. It  makes  waves 
on  water. 

Airships  Sail  far  Up 
in  the  COol  air. 


Helps  :  —  How  do  you  know  there  is 
air  around  us  ? 

When  does  food  choke  us  ?  Why  ? 
What  is  drowning  ?  Why  do  not  bugs 
choke  in  the  ground  ? 

How  can  you  tell  which  way  the  wind 
blows,  far  up  in  the  sky  ?  How  do 
winds  help  to  cause 
rain?  How  else  may 
they  affect  the  days  ? 

What  is  wind  ? 
What  is  a  calm  ? 

How  do  we  know 
that  the  air  is  very 
high  ?  How  do  we 
know  that  far  up  there 
is  not  much  air  ? 

Name  all  the  uses 
of  air  you  can  think  of. 


fish  out  of  the  water,  its  gills 
begin  to  dry.  The  poor  little 
thing  begins  to  choke.  It  cannot 
breathe.  For  a  long  time  it  gasps 
and  suffers.  At  last  it  dies. 

Never  catch  a  fish  except  to  eat. 
If  you  catch  one, 
kill  it  at  once.  Hit 
it  a  hard  blow  on 
the  top  of  the  head. 
Do  not  let  it  gasp 
and  choke. 

Some  water  sinks 
into  the  ground.  It 
runs  down  to  the 
roots  and  seeds.  Do 
you  know  what 
work  it  does  ? 

If  plants  cannot 
get  water,  they  dry 
up  and  die.  Water 
carries  food  to  the 


2.  The  Water 

Water  has  many 
uses.  We  could  not 
live  without  it. 
Part  of  our  blood 
is  water. 

Water   helps  us 

to  keep  things  clean.   We  bathe  in         The  sap  runs  up  to  the  buds.    It 

swells  and  opens  them.    Some  are 
leaves.    Others  are  blossoms. 


roots.    It  goes  into 

Waiting  for  the  fishing  boat  to  come  in     ^Q  roo^g  ag 


it  and  wash  things  in  it. 

Fish  breathe  air,  but  not  as  we 
do.  There  is  air  in  water,  but  not 
enough  for  us.  Fish  have  gills  to 
take  air  from  water.  They  die  if 
their  gills  are  dry. 

Listen,  boys.  You  know  that  it 
hurts  to  stop  the  breath  even  for 
a  short  time.  When  you  take  a 


Helps  :  —  What  are  the  uses  of  water 
in  the  home  ? 

Where  are  the  gills  of  a  fish  ?  Find 
out  all  you  can  about  the  way  fish 
breathe.  Why  can  we  not  breathe  under 
water  ? 

Of  what  use  is  water  to  plants  ? 


3.  Forms  of  Water  A  small  body  of  water  in  a  hol- 

We  have  all  seen  the  little  cloud  low  is  a  pond.  A  lake  is  like  a 
from  a  hot  kettle.  The  cloud  is  pond,  but  larger.  Ships  sail  on 
steam  or  vapor.  So  are  the  large  some  lakes. 

clouds  up  in  the  sky.    Vapor  rises         Most   of   the   ponds   are    wide 
from  water.    It  is  "  water  dust."        places  in  brooks.    Most  lakes  are 

Have   you   seen   fog?   It   is   a     wide  places  in  rivers, 
cloud  near  the  earth.   Most  of  the         Many  rivers  flow  to  the  ocean, 
clouds  are  high  in  the  air.  This  is  a  great  body  of  salt  water. 

It  covers  about  three 
fourths  of  the  earth. 
We  also  call  it  the  sea. 
We  see  water  in 
many  forms.  We  see 
it  in  drops  of  dew  on 
cool  grass.  We  also 
see  it  frozen  in  the 
form  of  ice,  hail,  frost 
or  snow. 

Water  has  a  great 
many  uses.    It  floats 
ships.  It  turns  wheels 
When  clouds  are  cold  enough,     for  mills.    In  the  form  of  ice,  or 
they     turn    to   rain.    It    falls   in     frozen  water,  we  skate  on  it.    As 
drops.    Kain  is  fresh  water.  snow,  we  run  sleds  over  it. 

Most  of  the  rain  on  the  land         Can   you   think   of   any   other 
forms  brooks  and  rivers.  A  brook     uses  of  water  ? 
is  a  small  stream  flo\ying  over  the         Helps: — Where  do  clouds  come  from? 
land.    A  river  is  like  a  brook,1  but     What  are  they  ?   What  is  fog  ? 


A  brook  is  a  small  stream  flowing  over  the  land 


larger. 

Water  often  stands  in  hollows. 

1  Small  brooks  are  also  called  branches ; 
large  brooks  may  be  called  creeks.  These 
names  are  often  used  in  the  South. 


What  is  rain  ?  When  does  it  form  ? 
Where  does  it  go  ?  What  part  of  it  do 
plants  get  ? 

What  is  a  brook  ?  —  a  river  ?  —  a 
lake  ?  Where  do  many  ponds  and  lakes 
form? 


To  what  body  of  water  do  many  rivers 
flow  ?  What  is  the  sea  or  ocean  ?  How 
large  is  it  ? 

Name  some  of  the  forms  of  frozen 
water.  What  are  some  of  the  uses  of 
water  ? 

Name  some  of  the  uses  of  ice  ;  —  of 
snow. 

4.  The  Soil 

We    know    that   wood   rots   or 
decays.    Rocks    also    decay, 
but  not  so  fast.    They  crum- 
ble to  sand  and  dust. 

The  wind  blows  dust  and 
sand  about.  Rain  washes 
them  here  and  there.  Swift 
brooks  push  them  along.  In 
many  ways  they  are  broken 
finer  and  finer. 

Frost  cracks  rocks.  This 
helps  them  to  decay.  It  lets 
in  the  air  and  rain.  Roots 
pry  off  pieces. 

Fine  rock  dust  is  soil. 
Plants    grow    in    it.     Often 
they   die   and   decay  in  it. 
Bugs  and  worms  dig  in  it  and  die. 
In  this  way  rich  soil  is  formed. 
It  is  made  of  rock  dust,  with  the 
things  that  die  in  it. 

Poor  soil  has  but  little  plant 
food.  Soil  that  has  much  plant 
food  is  rich  or  fertile. 

All  rocks  are  not  alike.  They 
cannot  form  the  same  kind  of 


soil.  The  rock  dust  may  be  sand 
or  clay. 

Some  plants  grow  best  in  sandy 
soil.  Some  like  clay  soil.  Most 
plants  grow  best  in  soil  that  lets 
the  rain  creep  in. 

When  plants  die  they  give  back 
food  to  the  soil.  They  decay  and 
mix  with  the  soil.  This  makes 


The  top  rock  decays  to  form  soil 

dark  loam.  It  is  rich  soil  for 
most  plants. 

Helps :  —  Break  up  a  pebble  with  a 
hammer.  Look  closely  at  the  rock  dust. 
What  crumbles  rocks  ? 

What  is  soil  ?  What  is  poor  soil  ? 
What  is  rich  soil  ?  What  helps  to  make 
soil  fertile  ? 

Why  is  not  all  soil  alike  ?  Name  two 
kinds  of  soil.  What  is  loam  ? 


5.  Autumn 

Come  out  to  our  farm.  It  is  in 
the  country. 

The  hot  days  are  past.  The  cool 
days  are  here.  It  is  autumn.  We 


Copyright,  Underwood  &  Underwood,  N.Y 


We  help  put  the  hay  in  the  barn  and  in  it  we 
hide  rosy  apples 

call  it  also  the  fall  of  the  year. 
Can  you  think  why? 

Look  at  the  oaks  and  maples. 


people  come  from  the  city  to  see 

them. 

The  tall  grass  was  cut  long  ago. 

We   helped   put   the   hay   in  the 

barn.    The  fields  are  brown  with 
stubble. 

Now  the  men  plow  some  of 
the  fields.  They  sow  seeds  or 
grains  of  wheat.  It  will  spring 
up  before  the  snow  falls.  Then 
it  will  lie  under  the  snow 
blanket  in  winter.  When  the 
snow  melts  next  spring  the 
wheat  will  grow  quickly. 

Now  off  we  run  to  the  orchard. 
Up  the  trees  we  climb.  Fill 
your  pockets  with  rosy  apples. 
Let  us  run  to  the  barn  and  hide 
them  in  the  hay. 

It  is  fun  to  play  hide  and 
seek  in  the  big  barns.  We  often 
go  there  on  rainy  days.  How 
good  the  apples  taste  when  we 
dig  them  out  of  the  hay  ! 

At  the  first  sign  of  freezing 
we  are  off  to  the  woods.  Jack 
Frost  has  been  at  work.  The 
burs  of  the  nuts  are  burst 
open.  Climb  up  and  shake  the 

branches.     Hear   the   nuts   rattle 

down  like  hail. 

Watch  the  pretty  squirrels.    Do 


What  bright  colors  !    The  leaves     you  know  why  they  are  here  ?  Oh, 
are  turning  red  and  yellow.  Many     yes,  we  will  leave  some  of  the  nuts 


for  them.  They  too  must  get  ready 
for  the  long  cold  winter. 

Helps  :  — When  are  the  hottest  days  ? 
When  does  autumn  come  ?  What  colors 
have  you  seen  in  leaves  ? 

Why  is  grass  cut  for  hay  ?  When  is 
it  cut  ?  Find  out  what  stubble  is.  Tell 
about  winter  wheat.  Find  out  what  apples 
keep  best 
in  winter. 
What  is  an 
orchard  ? 

Do  you 
know  how  to 
play  at  hide 
and  seek  ? 

Who  is 
Jack  Frost? 
What  does 
he  do?  Do 
you  know 
what  squir- 
rels feed  on 
in  winter  ? 
What  game 
do  you  play 
in  autumn? 


mittens.  In  the  morning  we  may 
skate  on  the  pond  or  slide  down 
the  long  hill. 

Morning  comes.  The  merry  jingle 
of  sleigh  bells  wakes  us.  Snow  is 
falling  and  the  fields  are  white. 

The  snow  will  keep  the  cold  air 


Get  out  the  sleds.   Look  up  the  warm  mittens.  Now  we  can  slide  down  the 
long  hills  and  skate  on  the  ponds 


6.  Winter 

Now  comes  winter,  but  we  are 
ready  for  it.  Peek  into  the  cellar., 
See  the  beets,  turnips,  apples  and 
other  good  things  to  eat.  The  fire- 
wood is  cut.  The  barns  are  filled 
with  hay. 

Now  the  sky  is  gray  and  the  air 
is  cold.  Get  out  the  sleds.  Sharpen 
the  skates.  Look  up  the  warm 


from  the  winter  wheat  and  the 
grass  roots.  Many  flowers  will 
sleep  under  the  snow.  In  the 
spring  they  will  shoot  up  again. 
To-day  we  can  make  a  snow 
man  and  a  snow  fort.  But  first 
we  must  shovel  paths  to  the  house 
and  barns.  We  must  also  break 
the  ice  where  the  horses  and  cows 
come  to  drink. 


8 


Look  at  the  woods.  The  tops 
of  the  trees  are  bending  low  with 
snow.  What  can  the  birds  and 
squirrels  find  now  to  eat? 


Copyright,  Underwood  &  Underwood,  N.Y. 

Every  morning  we  drive  the  cows  down 
the  long  shady  lane 

The  birds  sing  for  us.  They  also 
kill  bugs  that  feed  on  grain  and 
fruit.  When  the  snow  falls  many 
little  birds  go  hungry.  How  glad 
they  are  to  get  the  crumbs  we 
throw  out  for  them ! 


Helps  :  —  When  does  winter  come  ? 
Where  does  snow  come  from  ?  What  is 
ice? 

What  kind  of  a  sled  or  bob  have  you  ? 
Where  do  you  coast  or  slide  ?  Can  you 
find  out  what  makes  the  sled  slide  down 
the  hill?  Why  does  it  not  slide  up? 
Where  do  you  skate  ? 

Why  do  we  put  bells  on  sleighs  ? 
Do  we  need  them  on  wagons  ?  Why  do 
we  like  sleighs  better  than  wagons  when 
there  is  snow  on  the  ground  ? 

Did  you  ever  make  a  little  room  in 
the  snow  ?  Was  it  warm  or  cold  inside  ? 
Find  out  what  people  make  huts  of  snow 
or  ice. 

Of  what  use  is  snow  to  the  grass  ? 
What  becomes  of  all  the  snow  ? 

Of  what  use  are  birds  to  us  ?  How 
can  you  pay  them  for  their  work  and 
singing  ? 

What  games  do  you  play  in  winter  ? 

7.  Spring 

The  cold  days  pass  quickly. 
Then  comes  spring. 

The  snow  and  ice  melt  away. 
The  fields  grow  green.  The  birds 
that  flew  away  to  find  food  come 
back  again.  Soon  the  fruit  trees 
are  white  and  pink  with  blossoms. 
The  flowers  in  the  fields  wake  up. 
The  busy  bees  begin  to  hum  about 
the  blossoms. 

Now  we  must  get  the  gardens 
ready.  Break  up  the  soil  and  bring 
out  the  seeds.  Soon  the  green  tops 


9 


will  peep  forth.  Then  we  must  cut 
the  weeds  and  keep  the  ground 
soft.  We  shall  have  vegetables  all 
summer,  and  we  can  put  some 
away  for  fall  and  winter. 

The  men  go  to  plow  the  grain 
fields.  They  make  long  deep  fur- 
rows. The  sod  turns  over  on  the 
stubble.  i : — — 


Helps  :  —  When  does  spring  come  ? 
Tell  some  things  that  happen  in  spring 
but  not  in  winter,  where  we  live. 

Can  you  find  out  why  some  birds  fly 
away  in  the  fall  ?  Try  to  find  out  where 
they  go  and  why  they  come  back. 

Name  some  fruit  trees  you  have  seen 
growing  Which  kind  of  fruit  do  you 
like  best  ?  When  does  it  ripen  ? 


The  birds 
and  chick- 
ens like  to 
run  in  the 
fresh  fur- 
rows. They 
are  hunt- 
ing for  the 
worms  and 
bugs. 

Now  the 
iron  teeth 
of  the  har- 
rows smooth  the  fields.  The  seeds 
are  sown.  Each  tiny  seed  may  send 
up  a  green  blade.  All  will  grow 
till  the  fields  are  green  with  corn 
or  other  grain. 

Every  morning  we  drive  the  cows 
to  pasture.  After  school  we  drive 
them  home  again,  down  the  long 
shady  lane.  Towser  helps  us.  He 
likes  to  play  with  the  little  bossy 
and  bark  at  its  heels,  but  he  never 
makes  the  cows  run. 


In  the  apple  orchard  where  the  birds  build  nests.   Try  to  find  out  why  the 
bands  are  on  the  trunks  of  the  trees 


Try  to  find  out  why  trees  send  out 
blossoms.  Does  the  whole  of  every 
blossom  fall  ?  Where  does  the  fruit 
grow  ?  Try  to  find  out  how  bees  help 
blossoms. 

What  vegetables  have  you  seen  grow- 
ing ?  Why  must  weeds  be  kept  out  ? 

Find  out  what  good  it  does  to  plow 
the  ground.  Where  do  seeds  come  from? 
What  is  hay  ?  What  is  a  pasture  ? 

How  often  are  cows  milked  ?  Name 
some  of  the  uses  of  milk. 

What  games  do  you  play  in  the 
spring  ? 


10 


8.  Summer 

Now  the  hot  days  are  here. 
School  is  over.  We  can  run  in  the 
fields  and  woods.  We  can  also  go 
in  swimming. 

Do  not  think  that  we  play  all 
the  time.  The  pigs  and  chickens 


We  like  the  summer,  even  if  it 
is  hot.  The  pears  and  peaches  grow 
soft  and  sweet.  The  juicy  melons 
ripen.  The  days  are  long  and  the 
nights  are  short. 

As  the  days  grow  cooler  we  go 
back  to  school.  Another  school 

year  opens. 
We  are  to 
learn  many 
things  this 
year  from 
all  our  new 
books. 

Helps  :  - 
What    sea- 
sons come  be- 
fore and  after 
summer  ? 

When  is' 
school     over 

for  the  year  ?  What  kinds  of  work  do 
country  boys  learn  to  do  ?  Name  some 
games  that  are  played  in  summer..  Which 
season  do  you  like  best  ? 

9.  Keeping  Records 

Path  of  the  sun.    Do  you  know 
about  what  time  the  sun  rose  this 
morning  ?  About  what  time  will  it 
are  buzzing.    Squirrels  scamper     set  to-day? 

about.     Why  should   we   not   be         Once  a  month  try  to  see  where 
happy?  the  sun  rises  or  sets.    Try  to  look 

We  like  to  learn  all  we  can  about  at  it  from  the  same  place  each  time 
the  work.  Some  day  when  we  grow  and  find  out  if  it  always  rises  or 
up  we  may  have  farms  of  our  own.  sets  in  the  same  place. 


Now  the  hot  days  are  here.   We  can  dive  from  the  post  or  the  springboard 
and  swim  out  to  the  raft 


must  be  fed.  The  weeds  must  be 
kept  out  of  the  gardens. 

We  help  do  the  chores  and  we 
gather  the  vegetables  for  the 
kitchen. 

But  we  are  happy  in  our  work. 
It  keeps  us  out  in  the  pure  air. 
The  birds  are  singing.  The  bees 


11 


Find  out  in  what  months  the  Seasons.  In  what  season  does 
sun  rises  exactly  in  the  east  and  the  school  year  begin?  In  what 
sets  in  the  west.  Find  out  when  season  does  it  end? 


the    sun    rises    and   sets    farthest 
south ;    also  farthest  north. 

Shadow  of  the  sun.  Set  up  a 
pole  in  the  school  yard  and  look  at 
its  shadow  at  noon 
at  least  once 
a  week.  Find 
out  in  what  part  of 
the  year  the  shadow 
is  shortest  at  noon, 
and  when  it  is  longest. 

Is  there  a  south  window 
in  a  hall  or  room  that  you 
can  use  at  noon  once  a 


In  which  season  does  the  sun 
rise  farthest  north  ?  In  which  sea- 
son does  it  cast  the  shortest  shadow 
at  noon  ? 

In  which  season  is  the  sun 
lowest  in  the  sky  at  noon? 
When  is  it  highest?    Can 
you  find  out  what 
season  begins  when 
the  sun  sets  in  the 
west  while  it  is  on 
the  way  south?  Also 
what  season  begins 
when  the  sun  sets 
in  the  west  while 


week?    If  so,  mark  on  the 

floor  at  noon  the  edge  of  the            Apple  blossoms  ^  *s  on  the  way 

shadow  of  the  window  sill.  north  ? 

Do  this  once  a  week  all  the  school  Between  what  seasons  is  winter? 

year.    The  shadow  will  show  you  Weather.    Keep  a  record  of  the 

much  about  the  sun's  position.  weather  every  school  day.    In  the 

Length  of  day.    Find  out  when  afternoon  write  whether  the  day 

the  days  are  longest  and  when  short-  has  been  hot,  warm,  cool  or  cold  ; 


est.  Where  does  the  sun  rise  and  set 
when  we  have  the  longest  daylight? 

Try  to  find  out  how  long  the 
daylight  lapts  when  the  sun  rises 
exactly  in  the  east. 

Does  the  sun  cast  long  or  short     to  keep  yours : 
shadows  at  noon  of  the  long  days  ?     ^  1     warm     rain 
Are  the  shadows  long  or  short  at     Sept  2 .  t  cooi  >  ,  .  dear  § ,  west  wind 
noon  in  summer  ?  Sept.  3  .  .  cool  .  .  .  clear  . '.  northwest  wind 


dear,  cloudy,  rainy  or  snowy  ;  calm 
or  windy.  Note  also  where  the 
wind  blows  from.  Be  sure  to  write 
the  date. 

This  record  will  show  you  how 


.  southeast  wind 


12 


10.  How  Plants  Grow 

Have  you  seen  the  eyes  on  a 
potato?  If  not,  look  for  them. 
Do  they  not  look  like  real  little 
eyes? 

Cut  off  a  thick  piece  of  potato. 
Be  sure  there  is  a  good  eye  on  it. 


Where  tall  corn  grows  in  deep, 

Put  it  in  damp  ground  and  a  plant 
will  grow.  Sprouts  push  up  to  the 
light  and  air.  Others  grow  into 
the  ground  and  form  roots. 

The  top  sends  out  leaves  and 
blossoms.  But  the  part  we  eat 
grows  on  the  roots. 

Dig  down  under  the  plant.  Here 
are  several  large  potatoes.  They 
pay  us  well  for  the  work  and  care. 

So  we  may  plant  a  kernel  of 
corn.  A  tall  stalk  will  grow  and 
bear  long  ears.  We  may  plant  a 


bean  and  get  from  it  long  pods 
full  of  beans.  The  seeds  from  one 
melon  will  raise  quite  a  garden  of 
melons. 

Where  do  plants  get  food  to 
make  all  these  things  grow  ?  It 
comes  from  the  soil,  the  water  and 
the  air.  The  sun 
also  helps  plants 
to  grow. 

Helps:  —  1ST  a  me 
some  things  that 
grow  in  gardens. 

Can  you  think 
why  a  stone  cellar  is 
warmer  in  winter 
than  a  shed  ? 

You  can  plant  a 
piece  of  potato  at 
home.  It  will  teach 

you    a    great    deal, 
rich  soil  what  doeg  this  leg_ 

son  say  about  the  potato  ? 

Name  some  of  the  uses  of  corn.  When 
you  have  a  chance  look  at  an  ear  of  corn. 
It  is  very  pretty. 

What  do  plants  feed  on  ?  Where  do 
the  plants  get  food  ? 

11.  Gardens 

"Sweet  corn!  Green  peas! 
String  beans  !  Vegetables  !  "  This 
is  a  cry  we  often  hear  in  the  cities. 
Men  and  boys  are  selling  truck 
from  gardens. 


13 

People  in  cities  have  very  little     There  are  tools,  milk  pails,  shoes, 
room    for    gardens.     Most  of  the     clothes,  flour,  salt,  sugar  and  toys. 


gardens  are  in  the  country.  But 
it  is  best  to  have  the  gardens  near 
a  city.  Can  you  think  why  ? 

Name  all  the  things 
you  can  that  grow  in 
gardens. 

Men  often  gather 
the  corn,  peas  and 
other  good  things 
late  in  the  day.  They 
load  them  on  wagons. 
Then  they  start  in 
the  night  for  the 
city,  so  as  to  reach 
the  markets  early. 
The  garden  stuff  ar- 
rives fresh  and  firm. 

The  wagons  do  not  go  back 
empty.  They  carry  many  things 
that  do  not  grow  in  our  gardens. 


Vegetables, 
fruits  and  honey 


Helps  :  —  Why  are  there  few  gardens 
in  cities  ?  What  kinds  of  vegetables  do 
you  like  ?  What  is  a  market  garden  ? 


Boys  hauling  seaweed.   They  put  it  in  the  gardens.   It  rots 
and  makes  the  soil  rich 


Tell  how  to  get  garden  stuff  fresh  to 
market.  Garden  stuff  is  "  truck."  What 
may  wagons  carry  to  the  farms  ? 


14 


12,  Early  Vegetables 

How  glad  we  are  when  spring 
comes  !  We  like  to  see  the  flowers 
bloom,  and  we  like  the  fruits  and 
vegetables. 

At  first  a  few  come  to  market. 
Many  people  wish  to  buy  them. 
This  makes  the  price  high. 

Early  gardens  pay  well.  This 
is  how  men  start  them.  Early  in 
the  spring  the  ground  is  cold. 
Seeds  will  not  start  well  in  it,  so 
the  soil  and  seeds  are  put  in  boxes 
with  glass  covers.  These  are  set 
in  warm  places  in  the  sunshine. 

The  glass  lets  the  sunshine  in 
and  helps  to  keep  the  heat  in. 

These  boxes  are  hotbeds.  They 
keep  the  soil  warm.  Thus  the  seeds 
get  an  early  start  in  the  spring. 

You  have  seen  a  mousetrap. 
Hotbeds  are  heat  traps.  The  sun- 
shine is  caught  in  them. 


In  the  spring  the  soil  of  the  gar- 
dens is  broken  up.  At  last  there 
is  no  fear  of  frost.  Then  the  tiny 


Herd  of  fine  dairy  cattle.   They  give  rich  milk 


An  Arab  and  his  camel.   The  camel  gives  milk 
to  people  living  in  a  great  desert 

plants  of  the  hotbeds  are  set  in  the 
gardens.  They  keep  on  growing, 
and  thus  we  get  early  vegetables. 

Seeds  are  also  sown 
in  the  gardens  for  the 
later  vegetables. 


Helps  :  —  Why  is  it  hard 
to  get  fresh  vegetables  in 
the  winter  ?  Why  must  the 
price  be  high  ? 

Why  can  men  get  a  good 
price  for  early  garden  stuff  ? 
Why  do  they  not  sow  seeds 
early  in  gardens  ? 


15 


The 


Describe  a  hotbed.  Why  may  we  call 
it  a  trap  ?  On  which  side  of  a  bam  or 
hill  would  you  place  hotbeds  ? 

How  do  hotbeds  help  us  to  get  early 
garden  stuff?  Why  do  we  not  need  to 
use  hotbeds  to  raise 
late  vegetables  ? 

13.  The  Dairy  Farm 

A  farm  is  larger 
than  a    garden. 
Some     farms     are 
many  miles  long  and  wide. 
Most  farms  are  not  so  large. 

Some  farms  raise  only  corn 
or  wheat.  Some  raise  cotton. 
To-day  we  will  visit  a  milk 
or  dairy  farm. 

The  large  field  is  a  pasture. 
Grass  grows  all  over  it.  Here  the 
cows  feed  back  and  forth. 

Part  of  the  pasture  is  low.  In  it 
runs  a  cool  brook. 
The  cows  come 
here  to  drink. 
They  need  clean 
water  just  as  much 
as  we  do.  And  they 
like  to  drink  it. 

On  hot  days  the 
cows  like  to  stand 

,1  T  n       Going  after  milk 

in   the   pond   and 
chew  their  cuds.    The  water  feels 
cool,  and  it  helps  to  keep  the  flies 
off  their  legs. 


Part  of  the  pasture  runs  up 
among  the  hills.  In  places  there 
are  groups  of  trees.  Here  the 
cows  rest  in  the  shade  when  the 
sun  is  very  hot. 


yak  gives  milk  to  people  in  parts  of  Asia 

Over  the  fence  is  the  hayfield. 
A  long  winter  is  coming  and  the 
cows  must  then  be  fed  in  the  barn. 
The  clover  and  tall  grass  will  be 
cut  to  make  hay. 

The  farm  boy  never  makes  the 
cows  run.  It  might  hurt  them  and 
make  blood  come  in  the  milk. 

Helps  :  —  What  does  the  lesson  say 
about  the  size  of  farms  ? 

What  other  name  is  given  to  milk 
farms  ?  Tell  all  you  can  about  the  pas- 
ture. Why  do  we  not  wish  the  cows  to 
drink  dirty  water  ? 

Find  out  all  you  can  about  the  cuds 
the  cows  chew. 

Find  out  why  hay  must  be  dried  be- 
fore it  is  put  in  the  barn. 


16 


14.  What  is  done  with  the  Milk 

Now  the  clean  milk  cans  are 
set  out.  The  men  take  pails  and 
begin  to  milk. 

The  cans  of  warm  milk  are  set 
in  a  long  box  of  water  to  cool. 
This  helps  to  keep  the  milk  from 
souring. 

When  the  night  is  warm,  the 
cows  are  left  in  the  big  barnyard. 


Round  and  round  go  the  churns 

Here  they  stay  till  the  morning 
milking  is  over.  Then  they  go 
back  to  the  pasture. 

This  farm  sends  its  milk  to  a 
city.  It  goes  on  a  swift  morning 
train.  Many  wagons  meet  the 
train.  They  take  the  cans  and 
hurry  away  to  leave  the  milk  at 
homes,  at  hotels  and  other  places. 

Some  farms  send  milk  in  glass 
bottles  to  cities.  The  bottles  look 
cleaner  than  cans, 


Milk  cans  and  pails  must  be 
kept  very  clean.  One  of  the  men 
tells  us  how  he  cleans  them.  He 
rinses  them  with  cold  water.  Then 
he  washes  them  with  washing 
powder  in  warm  water. 

Next  he  rinses  them  with  hot 
water.  Then  he  lets  hot  steam 
blow  into  each  can  for  about  a 
minute.  At  last  he  puts  them, 
bottom  up,  on  poles  or 
wooden  pins  to  dry. 

Do  you  know  why  this 
man  washes  the  cans 
with  so  much  care?  He 
loves  his  own  boys  and 
girls  and  he  knows  that 
dirty  milk  may  kill 
many  boys  and  girls  in 
the  city.  He  knows  also 
that  weak  little  babies 
must  drink  the  milk. 
Now  we  see  why  cows  and  milk 
need  care  and  must  be  kept  clean. 

Helps  :  —  Can  you  name  some  of  the 
kinds  of  meat  we  get  from  cattle  ?  — 
from  hogs  ?  —  from   sheep  ?     What  is 
leather  ? 

Why  is  milk  strained  ?  How  often 
are  cows  milked  ?  Why  are  cans  of  new 
milk  often  put  in  cool  water  ? 

How  is  the  milk  sent  from  the  farm 
to  the  city  homes  ?  How  ought  cans  and 
pails  to  be  cleaned  ?  Why  must  they  be 
cleaned  with  such  care  ? 


17 


15.  Making  Butter 

Many  farms  sell  their  milk  to 
be  made  into  butter  or  cheese. 
As  butter  is  made  of  cream,  the 


man  lets  the  buttermilk  run  out. 
The  butter  is  left. 

Now  the  man  takes  a  paddle 
and  works  the   butter.    That   is, 


place  where  it  is  made  is  called  a  he  rolls  it  over,  presses  it,  washes 
creamery.  Let  us  look  into  one.  it  with  water,  presses  it  again  and 
Cream  is  lighter  than  the  rest  of  tries  to  get  out  all  the  buttermilk, 
the  milk 
and  rises 
to  the  top. 
We  can 
skim  off 
the  cream, 
put  it  in 
a  churn, 
shake  it  a- 
while  and 
take  out 
two  things: 
one  is  the 
butter  and 
the  other 
is  the  but- 
termilk. These  machines  separate  cream  and  skim  milk 

The  same  work   is  done  in  a  He  may  also  mix  a  little  salt  with 

creamery,   but    in    another   way.  it  or  he  may  leave  it  fresh. 
The  milk  is  put  in  machines  that         The  butter  may  now  be  put  in 

turn  swiftly.    They  take  the  cream  boxes  or  tubs  for  market.    It  may 

from  the  heavy  part  of  the  milk,  be  cut  in  squares  or  sent  in  rolls. 
The  heavy  part  is  skim  milk. 


The  cream  stands  for  some 
time.  Then  it  is  put  into  great 
churns.  They  turn  and  turn  for 
half  an  hour  or  more*  Then  a 


Helps  :  —  What  may  be  made  from 
milk  ?  What  is  a  creamery  ? 

Why  does  cream  rise  to  the  top  of 
milk?  What  is  buttermilk?  What  is 
skim  milk  ?  Tell  how  butter  is  made. 


18 


Bottling  milk  for  the  city 


16.  Making  Cheese 

Old  milk  sours  and  thickens. 
Tiny  plants  grow  in  it  and  sour  it. 
The  milk 
curdles. 

The  lit- 
tle plants 
grow  more 
quickly  if 
the  milk  is 
warm. 

For  this 
reason  the 
big  cans  of 
fresh  milk 
are  often 
set  in  cool 
water,  or 


they  may 
be  put  in  a 
cold  room. 
Then  the 
milk  does 
not  sour  so 
quickly. 
The  milk 
must  cur- 
dle before 
cheese  can 
be  made. 
The  hard 
portion  is 
now  taken 
from  the 

liquid.  The  hard  part  is  curd.  The 
liquid  is  whey.  Let  us  see  how 
cheese  is  made  in  a  factory.  The 


Cows  feeding  in  a  clean  model  dairy  barn 


19 


cans  of  milk  are  poured  into  a 
great  vat.  A  man  puts  rennet  in 
it.  Rennet  is  from  one  of  the 
stomachs  of  a  baby  calf  or  a  lamb. 
It  makes  the  milk  curdle. 

It  may  take  an  hour  for  the 
milk  to  curdle.  Then  the  free 
whey  is  drawn  off.  The 
man  cuts  the  curd  into 
blocks  and  works  them. 
He  rolls  each,  presses 
it,  washes  it  and  rolls 
it  over  and  over  again, 
to  work  out  the  whey. 
Then  he  may  mix  a  little 
salt  with  the  curd  or 
leave  it  fresh. 

As  the  whey  comes 
out,  the  curd  grows  soft 
and  dry.  It  is  now 
cheese  but  is  not  ready 
for  market.  It  is  put  in 
a  strong  press  to  drive 
out  still  more  whey. 

The  cheese  is  now  put 
in  a  room  to  cure  or  ripen.    After 
a  time  it  is  ready  for  market. 

This  cheese  was  made  from 
whole  milk,  or  milk  with  its 
cream.  Some  cheese  is  made  from 
milk  to  which  more  cream  is 
added.  Cheese  is  also  made  out  of 
skim  milk. 

Most  cheese  is  made  of  cow's 


milk.  Good  cheese  is  also  made 
of  goat's  milk  and  ewe's  milk. 

Whey  is  good  to  drink.  It  con- 
tains sugar  and  other  food. 

On  some  dairy  farms  the  whey 
is  fed  to  hogs.  Good  pork  often 
comes  from  such  dairy  farms. 


Butter 


Copyright,  Underwood  &  Underwood, 

churned,  worked  and  salted  at  the  same  time 

Helps  :  —  What  does  sour  milk  look 
like  ?  What  makes  it  curdle  ? 

What  is  curd  ?  What  is  whey  ? 
Where  does  rennet  come  from  ?  What 
does  it  do  to  milk  ?  How  is  cheese  made  ? 

Which  do  you  think  would  be  richer 
in  taste,  the  skim-milk  cheese  or  the 
full-cream  cheese  ? 

Name  three  kinds  of  milk  that  make 
good  cheese.  Of  what  use  is  whey  ? 


20 


17.   Hill,  Valley  and  Plain 

On  the  milk  farm  we  saw  that 
the  land  was  not  all  alike.  Some 
parts  were  high  and  some  parts 
were  low.  There  were  hills,  hol- 
lows and  level  land. 

A  hill  is  high  land.  Some  hills 
are  as  high  as  houses.  Others  are 
higher  than  the  tallest  houses. 


Some  valleys  are  small.  Others 
are  wide  and  deep.  Some  plains 
are  so  wide  that  a  swift  train  of 
cars  cannot  cross  them  in  a  day. 

Rain  and  brooks  wash  much  of 
the  fine  soil  from  the  sides  of  hills. 
But  water  runs  slowly  on  level 
land.  Here  the  soil  is  not  washed 
so  easily.  It  is  left  for  plants. 


A  hill,  a  range,  a  plain,  a  valley  and  a  brook.   The  brook  flows  in  the  valley 


A  row  of  hills  is  a  range.  The 
picture  shows  a  range  of  hills. 

Did  you  ever  climb  a  hill  ?  What 
did  you  see  from  its  top  ? 

Water  runs  down  the  sides  of 
hills.  It  runs  into  the  low  land. 

A  valley  is  low  land.  Some  val- 
leys are  between  hills.  The  picture 
shows  a  valley.  Its  bottom  is  level. 

Level  land  is  a  plain.  A  brook 
flows  across  this  plain.  It  flows 
from  the  hills. 


This  shows  why  most  of  the 
farms  are  on  plains.  Most  of  the 
people  in  the  world  live  on  plains. 
Here  they  find  the  best  soil  and 
can  raise  the  things  they  need. 

Helps  :  —  What  is  a  hill  ?  What  is  a 
range  of  hills  ?  What  is  a  valley  ? 
Where  have  you  seen  a  hill  and  a  valley  ? 

What  is  a  plain  ?  How  large  are 
some  plains  ? 

Why  is  there  more  rich  soil  in  val- 
leys than  on  the  sides  of  hills  ? 


21 


A  river  flows  in  the  valley.   Cattle  like  to  wade  in  the  cool  water 
It  helps  to  keep  off  the  flies 


Now  the  ground 
is  seeded.  Rainy 
days  come.  Then 
the  warm  sun 
shines.  The  seeds 
wake  up  and  begin 
to  grow. 

Fine  roots  like 
hairs  creep  down 
in  the  deep  soil. 
Green  blades  push 
their  way  up  to 
the  light.  The 
stalks  grow  taller 


Why  are  most  of  the  farms  in  the     and  taller.    The  wind  sways  them 
world  on  plains  ?    Why  do  most  of  the      Hke  wayegt    M  gummer  the  grain 

people  in  all  the  world  live  on  plains  ?  TT      i       r  £ 

grows.   Heads  ot  new  grain  torm 

18.  The  Wheat  Farm 


at  the  top  of  the  stalks. 


The  snow  has 
all  left  the  fields. 
Spring  has  come. 
The  farmers  are  at 
work,  plowing  to 
break  up  the  soil. 

Bring  out  the 
bags  of  wheat. 
Look  at  the  little 
kernels.  Each  is  a 
seed. 

Scatter  the  seeds 
over  the  field.  Let 
the  harrow  turn 
a  little  soil  over 
them. 


This  girl  is  gathering  wheat  by  hand  on  a  great  plain 
far  over  the  sea  (Russia) 


22 


At  last  the  grain  is  ripe.  Great 
machines  cut  it  and  tie  it  in  bun- 
dles. 'Let  them  stand  in  the  field 
and  dry. 

Now  comes  the  machine  to 
thresh  the  grain.  "To  thresh" 
means  to  whip  or  strike.  The 


Winter  snow  may  cover  it  like  a 
blanket.  Then  the  plants  make  an 
early  start  in  the  spring.  As  the 
wheat  is  in  the  ground  all  winter, 
it  is  called  winter  wheat 

Wheat  is  to  us  the  most  useful 
of  all  the  grains  in  the  world. 


At  last  the  grain  is  ripe.  Sheaves  of  wheat  on  a  wide  plain  in  the  Northwest. 
Machines  cut  it  and  tie  it  in  bundles 


machine  whips  off  the  seeds  very 
quickly. 

Out  goes  the  straw.  There  lies 
the  wheat.  Put  it  in  bins  or  sacks. 
It  is  ready  to  go  to  the  mill,  to  be 
made  into  flour. 

Some  wheat  is  sowed  in  late  sum- 
mer or  early  fall.  It  starts  to  grow 
if  the  ground  is  warm  and  moist. 


Helps :  —  How  does  the  farmer  get 
the  land  ready  for  sowing  wheat  ?  Do 
you  know  how  a  grain  of  wheat  looks  ? 

What  is  needed  to  make  seeds  grow  ? 
Where  do  the  new  seeds  form  ? 

How  do  men  thresh  wheat  ?  How  is 
it  threshed  on  large  farms  ? 

What  do  we  call  the  stalks  after 
taking  off  the  grain  ?  What  is  winter 
wheat  ? 


23 


19.  The  Flour  Mill 

Now  we  will  go  to  a  flour  mill. 
It  is  a  large  building  near  high 
falls  in  a  river.  The 
river  is  swift. 

The  water  turns 
great  wheels.  Water 
power  is  cheap,  but 
rivers  may  run  low. 
Then  steam  may  be 
used. 

Cars  and  boats  of 
wheat  are  run  close  to 
the  mill.  The  grain  is 
taken  into  the  mill  and 
the  flour  making  begins- 

Other  seeds  may  be 
mixed  with  the  wheat 
in  the  field.  These 
might  taste  bad  in 
flour.  So  the  grain  is  put  into  a  ma- 
chine that  takes  them  out.  It  also 
passes  between  brushes  to  clean  it. 


Brown  people 
remove 


The  old  way  of  plowing.  Some  great  farms 
now  use  steam  plows 

Now   the    seeds  of   wheat   are 
clean,  but  they  still  have  on  tough 


coats.  These  coats  are  the  hulls. 
They  must  not  get  into  the  flour. 
Steam  softens  the  hulls  so  that 
they  will  not  crumble. 
Now  the  wheat  can 
be  run  between  rollers 
to  crush  it.  Over  and 
over  it  is  rolled  to 
make  it  finer.  The 
hard  parts  are  sifted 
out.  The  fine  wheat 
powder  is  flour. 

Some  flour  is  made 
of  the  whole  grain 
except  the  hull.  The 
whitest  flour  is  made 
of  only  the  inside  of 
the  kernels. 

The    flour    is    now 
ready  for  market.    It 
may  be   sold  in  sacks  or  barrels. 
Helps :  —  Why  are  mills   built  near 
falls  ?  Why  may  such  mills  need  steam  ? 
How  may  other  seeds  become  mixed 
with  wheat?    What  harm  might  they 
do  ?    Why  is  the  wheat  brushed  ? 

What  are  the  hulls  ?  Why  are  the 
grains  steamed?  How  is  the  wheat 
crushed  ?  How  are  the  tough  parts 
taken  out  ? 

What  is  wheat  flour  ?  How  is  the 
finest  flour  made  ?  How  is  flour  put  up 
for  market  ? 

Find  out  what  things  that  you  eat 
have  flour  in  them.  Find  out  how  bread 
is  made,  and  what  is  put  in  it. 


pounding  rice  to 
the  hulls 


24 


20.  Sheep  and  Wool 

There  are  many  kinds  of  wild 
sheep.  They  do  not  like  woods  or 
low  lands.  They  like  to  live  in 
high  places.  They  even  climb 
rough  mountains. 

The  air  far  up  -OIL  mountains  is 
cold.  Perhaps  this  is  why  sheep 
have  warm  wool.  Long 
ago  all  sheep  were  wild. 
People  tamed 
some  of 


Sharing  her  warm  shawl  with  the  lamb 

them,  to  have  their  wool,  meat 
and  skins.  Some  lambs  are  pets. 

Even  the  tame  sheep  like  to 
feed  in  hilly  places.  They  can 
jump  quite  high,  like  wild  sheep. 

Wool  is  oily.  The  oil  sheds  the 
rain  from  the  sheep. 

Wool  is  made  of  fibers.  They 
look  like  hair.  We  use  wool  to 
make  warm  cloth. 

Here  is  a  picture  of  a  little  girl 


and  a  lamb.  The  lamb  gave  its 
wool  to  help  make  a  warm  shawl. 
A  cold  day  has  come.  The  wool 
has  grown  again,  but  the  girl 
thinks  the  lamb  may  be  cold.  So 
she  goes  out  to  share  the  shawl 
with  her  pet. 

Wool  grows  thick  and  long  in 
winter.  Can  you  think  why  ? 
In  the  spring  the  wool  is 
just  right  for  clipping.   Now 
the  sheep  are  sent  to  sheds 
where  swift  machines 
clip  off  the  wool.  It 
is   sold   to   make 
cloth,    hats,    socks, 
carpets  and  many 
other  things. 

Lambs  not  a  year 
old  have  very  fine 
wool.    It  is  sold  as 
lamb's  wool  and 
brings  a  high  price. 
There  are  many  kinds  of  sheep. 
Some  have  long,  fine  wool. 

Helps  :  —  Where  do  wild  sheep  like 
to  live  ?  Why  do  they  need  warm  wool  ? 

Why  did  people  long  ago  tame  sheep  ? 
Why  does  wool  grow  oily  ? 

What    story   does   the  picture  tell? 

When  is  wool  clipped?  Tell  about 
clipping  it. 

What  is  said  about  the  wool  of  little 
lambs?  What  kind  of  wool  is  best? 
Name  some  things  made  of  wool. 


25 


21.  Making  Woolen  Cloth 

Wool    often    goes   to   the   mill 
dirty   and   oily.     Steam    may  be 


Sheep  grazing 

blown  through  it  to  help  clean  it. 

The  wool  is  then  dried.  If  it 
is  dried  too  much,  it  will  not  feel 
soft  and  smooth. 

Wool  may  come  to  the  mill 
in  lumps.  It  is  put  in  a  machine 
that  has  moving  teeth.  They  pull 
the  wool  apart  and  leave  it  light 
and  fluffy. 

If  the  wool  is  stiff,  a  fine  spray 
of  oil  is  blown  over  it.  The  oil 
softens  it. 

Next  the  wool  is  carded  in  a 
machine.  It  has  many  teeth  like 


a  comb,  but  finer.  The  wool  gath- 
ers on  the  teeth,  like  hairs  on  a 
comb.  In  this  way  the  fibers  are 
made  to  lie  one  way.  Brushes  take 
them  off. 

A  machine  twists  the  wool  into 
yarn.  This  is  wound  on  great 
spools. 

Pull  a  piece  of  woolen  cloth  apart 
and  see  how  it  was  made.  You 
will  find  that  the  yarns  cross  one 
another.  Follow  a  thread  and  see 
how  it  goes  over,  under,  over, 
under. 

Putting  threads  or  yarn  together 
in  this  way  is  weaving.  Mills  have 
machines  that  weave  the  cloth. 

Other  fibers  are  used  to  make 
cloth.  The  most  useful  is  -cotton. 

Helps  :  —  Tell  how  wool  is  cleaned  in 
mills.  How  is  it  made  soft  and  fluffy  ? 

How  do  men  card  wool  ? 
Why  do  they  card  it  ?  How 
is  the  yarn  made  ? 


Some  kinds  of  sheep  have  very  long  wool 

What  is  weaving?    Name   a   plant 
fiber  used  in  making  cloth. 


26 


22.  Fibers  for  Cloth 

A  fiber  is  a  very  fine  thread.  It 
may  grow  in  a  plant  or  be  spun 
by  some  little  creature. 

Fibers  are  very  useful  to  us.  We 
use  them  in  making  thread,  twine, 
rope,  cloth  and  many  other  things. 


0 


EGGS 


' 


CATERPILLAR   OR    WORM 


MOTH 

Silkworm,  cocoons,  moths  and 

A  spider  spins  a  web.  It  is  made 
of  fibers.  The  web  is  its  home.  In 
it  are  caught  flies  and  other  insects 
for  the  spider  to  eat. 

Silkworms  spin  soft  fiber.  They 
wrap  the  fiber  round  them.  After 
a  time  they  burst  the  fiber  and 
come  out  as  moths.  We  shall  study 
more  about  this  fiber. 

In  Africa  the  black  people  pound 
bark  and  get  fiber  from  it.  They 
use  it  in  making  cloth. 


The  brown  people  get  fiber  from 
pineapple  leaves  and  make  soft 
pretty  cloth.  They  also  get  fiber 
from  a  kind  of  banana  plant,  to 
use  in  making  hemp  rope.  This  is 
not  true  hemp.  The  latter  comes 
from  hemp  plants. 

Flax  plants  have 
a  very  useful  fiber. 
It  forms  an  inner 
bark  round  the 
slender  stalks.  The 
fiber  is  linen.  You 
can  see  it  if  you 
untwist  a  piece  of 
linen  thread.  Flax 
is  also  the  plant 
from  which  we  get 
flaxseed.  Linseed 
oil  is  pressed  from 
these  seeds.  This 
oil  is  used  largely 
in  paints.  There  are  many  other 
useful  fibers.  Cotton  is  the  most 
useful  of  all. 

Helps :  —  What  fibers  have  you  seen  ? 
Name  some  of  the  fibers  you  use.  Can 
you  draw  a  spider's  web  ? 

What  is  the  softest  fiber  you  have 
seen  ?  Where  does  it  come  from  ? 

What  is  said  about  the  fibers  used  by 
the  brown  people  ?  For  what  is  hemp 
used  ? 

WThat  is  linen  ?  Where  do  we  get 
linseed  oil  ?  Of  what  use  is  it  ? 


MOTH 

eggs 


27 


23.  The  Story  of  Cotton 

Cotton  grows  on  a  low  plant,  as 
in  the  picture.  It  is  found  in  nearly 
all  hot  and  warm  lands,  except  the 
very  dry  ones. 

The  picture  shows  how  cotton 
looks  when  the  seed  pods  burst. 
They  grow  quite  large  after  the 
blossoms  have  fallen. 

In  the  pods  are 
the    seeds    of    the 
plant.    Round  the 
seeds  grows 
the  fluffy 
white  fiber 
that  we  call 
cotton. 

This  fiber 
is  used  by 
people  of 
all  races,  — 
the  yellow, 
black,  red, 
brown  and 
white.  One 
half  of  all  the  people  in  the  world 
wear  only  cotton  cloth. 

Just  stop  and  think  what  this 
means.  All  their  clothing  is  made 
from  this  one  kind  of  plant.  And 
besides,  nearly  all  the  rest  of  the 
people,  except  savages,  use  some 
cloth  made  of  this  white  fiber. 

Some  cotton  has  long  fine  fibers. 


This  is  the  best  kind.  It  makes 
the  softest  and  finest  cotton  cloth. 
Long  ago  the  fiber  was  pulled 
by  hand  from  the  seed.  All  day 
long  a  person  pulled  off  the  fiber 
and  at  night  found  he  had  only 
about  a  pound.  This  work  of 
course  made  the  fiber  very  costly. 


A  good  crop  of  cotton.    Above  is  a  cotton  plant 


Even  at  this  time  there  were 
machines  to  spin  the  fiber  into 
thread,  and  others  to  weave  cloth. 

Helps  :  —  What  is  cotton  cloth  made 
of  ?  How  widely  is  it  used  ? 

What  kind  of  cotton  fiber  is  best  ? 
Why  was  it  costly  long  ago  ?  Why  is 
it  much  cheaper  now  ?  How  much  fiber 
could  a  man  pull  by  hand  in  a  day  ? 


28 


At  last  a  machine  was  made  to  teeth  catch  the  fibers,  pull  them 
tear  the  fiber  from  the  seed.  It  off  the  seeds  and  draw  them  to 
is  called  a  gin,  meaning  engine.  A  narrow  slits.  These  let  the  fiber 
large  gin  can  do  as  much  work  as  pass  but  hold  back  the  seeds,  tear- 
ten  thousand  men.  ing  them  apart. 

Think  what  a  saving  this  makes  Now  look  for  the  wheels  that 
in  labor !  Think  also  how  much  carry  brushes.  These  brush  the 
cheaper  it  makes 
cotton.  Now  poor 
people  can  wear 
better  cotton  cloth 
than  rich  peo- 
ple used  to 
wear. 

Le  t  . 
us  look 
at    the 
wonder- 
ful gin. 
Here   is   a 
picture   of 
it.  The 
cotton 
is   picked 
in  the  field 
and  put  into 
sacks  or  into 
huge  baskets. 

Then  it  is  taken  to  the  gin.  Of 
course  the  fiber  is  clinging  to  the 
seeds. 

Now  we  will  drop  it  into  the  gin 
at  the  top.  Do  you  see  the  saw- 
teeth upon  which  it  falls?  The 


fibers  off  the  teeth  and 
move  them  along  out  of  the 
gin.  They  are  then  pressed 
into  great  bales  of  about  500 
pounds  each  and  are  ready 
for  sale.  This  is  the  raw  cotton 
that  goes  to  mills  to  be  made  into 
thread  and  cloth. 

The  cotton  seeds  are  not  thrown 
away.  They  are  put  to  many  uses. 
First  they  may  be  put  in  a 
strong  press,  to  squeeze  out  the 


29 


cottonseed  oil.  Some  of  this  is 
used  in  making  soap  and  some  is 
made  into  oil  for  table  use.  It  also 
has  other  uses. 

The  dry  part  left  after  the  oil 
is  pressed  has  many  uses.    It  may 


Fig  tree  and  figs         fgjjr  ^ 


be  fed  to  cattle  or  may  be  put  on 
the  land  to  make  it  fertile. 

Our  own  country  has  the  best 
cotton  lands.  They  are  in  the 
South,  where  the  days  are  warm 
and  there  is  plenty  of  rain. 

Helps :  —  How  much  fiber  can  a  gin 
pull  ?  Tell  all  you  can  about  a  cotton 
gin.  What  is  raw  cotton  ?  About  what 
does  a  bale  of  cotton  weigh  ?  What  use 
is  made  of  raw  cotton  ? 

What  use  is  made  of  cotton  seed  ? 
Where  are  the  best  cotton  lands  ? 


24.   Uses  of  trees 

How  could  we  get  along  with- 
out the  trees  ?  But  there  are  lands 
in  which  no  useful  trees  grow. 

Far  away  in  the  North,  along  the 
shore  of  the  icy  ocean,  it  is  too  cold 
.^     for  large  trees  to  grow. 
In    places    may   be 
seen    tiny     birches 
and     willows,    but 
they  are  dwarfs, 
growin-g  only  a 
few  inches  high. 
Most  trees  like 
warm,    moist    air. 
They     grow    best 
where  plenty  of  rain 
falls   upon    the  warm 
parts  of  the  earth. 

The  trees  we  see  have 
many  uses.  Some  give 
us  fruits,  as  the  apple, 
pear  and  peach.  Others  give  us 
the  wood  used  in  making  houses 
and  for  fuel.  We  use  nearly  all 
parts  of  trees. 

Helps  :  —  What  is  said  about  trees  in 
the  cold  North  ?  Where  do  most  trees 
grow  best  ? 

Can  you  name  a  dozen  trees  that 
yield  fruit  ?  What  kinds  of  wood  have 
you  seen  used  as  fuel  ? 

Name  some  kinds  of  wood  that  are 
used  in  building  houses.  Name  some 
you  have  seen  in  furniture. 


30 


Some  of  the  wood  for  furniture 
grows  in  forests  far  away  in  other 
lands.  The  pretty  ebony  and  ma- 
hogany grow  in  warm  lands. 

The  wood  of  many  spruce  trees 
is  ground  to  pulp  and  made  into 
paper. 

The  bark  of  hemlock  trees  is  used 


Where  do  we  get  coffee  and  choco- 
late ?  Can  you  name  any  other  parts 
of  trees  that  are  useful  to  us  ? 

25.  The  Useful  Palms 

You  know  what  trees  are  most 
useful  where  we  live.  Let  us  look 
at  some  of  the  trees  that  grow  in 


in  tanning  hides  to  make  leather,     hot  lands  far  away.    Chief  among 


Canoes  are  often  made 
of  the  bark  of  birch  trees . 

Maple  sugar  is  made 
from  the  sap  of  sugar 
maples.  Rosin  and 
many  other  gums  come 
from  the  sap  of  trees. 
India  rubber  is  the 
dried  sap  of  trees  that 
grow  in  the  hot  and 
damp  parts  of  the  earth. 

Cloves  are  the  dried  flower  buds 
of  trees.  They  grow  in  hot  lands. 

The  seeds  of  one  kind  of  tree 
give  us  cocoa  and  chocolate  to 
drink.  The  seeds  of  another  kind 
give  us  coffee. 


Cloves  are  dried  flower  buds 
of  trees 


these  are  palms. 

We  all  know  what 
coconuts  are.  They  grow 
on  palms.  These  trees 
like  to  grow  near  the 
shores  of  the  salt  sea 
and  often  lean  out  over 
the  water.  They  grow 
in  many  hot  lands. 

The  leaves  of  this 
palm  have  strong  fibers. 
They  are  made  into  mats,  rope, 
baskets  and  cloth.  The  natives 
make  dishes  out  of  the  hard  shell 
of  the  nut. 

This  nut  or  fruit  has  many  uses. 
The  water  or  milk  in  it  is  very 


Root,  trunk,  bark,  sap,  leaf,  seed,     good  to  drink  on  hot  days.    The 

"meat"  in  the  nuts  is  used  for 
food.  The  dried  nuts  yield  oil  that 
has  many  uses.  Some  of  it  is  used 
in  making  soap. 

Dates  grow  on  palms.  They 
thrive  near  green  spots  or  springs 
in  deserts.  They  like  hot  dry  air 


blossom,  bud,  —  all  the  parts  of 
trees  are  useful   to  man. 

Helps :  —  Name  a  kind  of  tree  used 
in  making  one  kind  of  paper.  Name  two 
trees  that  have  useful  bark. 

Tell  all  you  can  about  the  uses  of  tree 
sap.  What  are  cloves  ? 


31 


but  must  have  water.  Dates  form 
the  chief  food  of  people  in  some 
deserts.  The  dates  that  come  to 
us  are  dried  and  pressed. 

Oil   is  taken   from   the 
seeds  of   several  palms.    A 
kind  of  wax  forms  on  the 
leaves  of  other  palms  and  is 
scraped   off.    Both  the  wax 
and  the  oil  are  used  in 
making    candles.     They 
also  have  other  uses. 

Have  you  eaten  sago 
pudding?  Sago  is  palm 
starch.  It  grows  in  the 
cells  of  the  palm  trunk. 

Palm  wine  is  made 
from  the  sugary  sap 
of  some 
kinds  of 
palms.  It 
is  used  by 
people  in 
some  of 
the  hot- 
test parts 
of  the 
world. 

Do  you 

know  how  rattan  looks  ?  It  is  the 
long  stem  or  stalk  of  some  kinds 
of  palms.  Rattan  is  used  in  mak- 
ing furniture. 

As  a  whole,  palms  are  the  most 


useful  plants  growing  in  nearly  all 
the  hot  lands  of  the  earth. 


. 


Coconut  tree  and  coconuts 

Helps :  —  How  large  is 
a  coconut  ?  What  is  in- 
side the  hard  shell  ? 

Name  some  things  that 
are  made  from  fibers  in  the  coconut 
leaves.  What  more  can  you  tell  about 
the  coconut  palm  ? 

What  is  said  about  dates?  What  is 
palm  oil  ?  Tell  about  the  wax  palm. 
What  is  sago?  What  is  rattan? 


32 


26.  In  a  Forest 

Name  some  things  made  of  wood. 
Do  you  know  where 
wood  comes  from? 

Each  kind  of  tree 
has  its  own 
kind    o 
wood.  W( 


In  the  North  men  go  into  the 
forests  in  the  fall  to  work.    First 


Hi 


Lumber  camp 

they  lay  out  a  camp. 
The  houses  are  made  of 
logs.  The  picture  shows 

one  of  them.   It  is  used 
Logs  ready  to  float  down  to  a  sawmill  £  i  i  o 

ior  a  cookhouse,    bee 

have  hard  woods  and  soft  woods,     the  cook  with  the  white  apron. 
Oak,  ash  and  maple  are  hard.   Pine         Near  it  is  a  large  room  with 
and  spruce  are  two  soft  woods.  long  tables.    Here   the   men    eat. 

The  other  houses 
are  for  sleeping. 
Winter  comes. 
Many  trees  are 
now  cut  down. 
Great  sleds  may 
be  used  to  drag 
the  logs  over  the 
snow  to  the  rivers . 
Here  they  are 
piled  on  the  banks 

__       __    or  rolled  °n 
Oxen  hauling  a  heavy  log  river  ice. 


33 


In  some  places  the  logs  are 
hauled  on  cars  to  rivers.  In  the 
South,  where  it  is  warm,  great 
wheels  or  cars  are  used  in  place 
of  sleds. 

Spring  comes.  The  days  grow 
warm.  The  ice  melts  in  the  rivers. 
Rain  falls  and  the  snow  melts. 
The  streams  are  high  and  strong. 

The  logs 
float  down 
the  swift 
rivers. 

Men  go 
along  to 
keep  them 
out  in  the 
stream. 
The  men 
often  slip 
into  the 
cold  water. 

At  times 

the  logs  jam  and  stop.  The  logs 
behind  push  on  and  pile  up.  Now 
the  men  must  be  careful.  They 
may  be  crushed  when  the  logs 
start  again. 

At  last  the  logs  reach  the  saw- 
mill. They  float  till  the  mill  is 
ready  to  use  them.  Then  they  are 
hauled  out  of  the  water.  Great 
saws  cut  them  into  boards.  Thick 
boards  are  planks. 


The  wood  may  be  sawed  into 
many  shapes.  There  are  shingles 
and  the  trimmings  for  houses. 

Much  of  the  spruce  wood  is 
ground  to  a  soft  pulp  and  made 
into  paper.  Paper  is  also  made 
from  other  kinds  of  plants. 

Men  have  cut  down  many  trees 
to  clear  the  land  for  farms.  In 


Loading  logs  on  cars  to  haul  out  of  the  woods 


many  hilly  lands  and  mountains 
there  are  large  forests. 

Helps  :  —  Name  some  of  the  trees  you 
have  seen.  How  can  you  tell  pine  wood 
from  oak  ? 

Tell  what  you  can  about  making  a 
logging  camp.  Why  are  roads  built? 
Why  do  men  float  logs  down  rivers  ? 

Tell  about  the  work  of  getting  logs 
to  sawmills.  Why  do  not  the  logs  float 
down  in  winter  ?  What  swells  the  rivers 
in  spring  ? 


Mountains  far  south  of  us  (Andes)  with  snow  on  their  sides.   The  llamas  carry  loads 
to  miners.   High  peaks  are  bare  and  rocky 


27.  Mountains 

A  mountain  is  very  high  land. 
It  is  higher  than  a  hill.  Some 
mountains  have  round  tops.  Others 
have  sharp  tops.  The  top  of  a 
mountain  higher  than  the  land 
about  it  is  a  peak. 

High  peaks  rise  far  up  in  the 
frosty  air.  Some  are  buried  in 
snow  and  ice. 

Grass  and  trees  grow  on  many 
low  mountains.  Very  high  peaks 
are  bare  and  rocky. 


In  some  mountains  the  rocks 
are  bent.  Other  mountains  are 
made  of  level  beds  of  rock. 

Water  slowly  cuts  away  the 
sides  of  mountains.  The  rocks 
crumble  to  soil.  Most  of  it  is 
washed  away.  In  places  the  rocks 
are  left  bare. 

A  row  of  mountains  is  a  range. 
A  low  place  over  a  range  is  a 
pass. 

Few  people  live  on  mountains. 
The  land  is  too  rough.  Roads  are 


35 


hard  to  make.  Some 
people  go  to  the 
mountains  for  their 
health.  The  air  is 
pure  and  they  like 
to  live  in  the  pines. 

Gold,  silver  and 
iron  come  from 
rocks.  They  come 
from  many  moun- 
tains. 

This  little  boy 
lives  near  high 
mountains.  You 
can  see  them  over 
his  home.  His 
father  is  a  hunter. 
He  has  brought 
home  a  deer.  The 
boy  will  have  some 
of  the  meat  to  eat. 

Many    wild    ani-     Returnof  the  hunter  with  a  deer  (Alps) 


Low  mountains  with  rounded  tops  (White)  mountains 


mals  live  in  the 
mountains.  Here 
they  try  to  hide 
from  men  who  hunt 
them. 

No  man  with  a 
brave  and  kind 
heart  will  kill  for 
sport.  He  may  kill 
for  food.  All  the 
animal  has  is  its 
life.  We  ought  not 
to  take  that  except 
in  case  of  need. 

Helps  :  —  What  is  a 
mountain  ?  How  does 
it  differ  from  a  hill  ? 
What  is  a  peak  ? 

What  is  said  about 
very  high  peaks  ?  — 
about  low  peaks?  What 
is  a  range  ?  Why  do 
few  people  live  011 
mountains  ?  Why 
do  sick  people  go 
to  the  mountains  ? 
Name  three 
metals  that  come 
from  rocks.  Name 
some  of  the  uses 
of  iron ; — of  gold ; 
—  of  silver. 

What  makes 
many  wild  ani- 
mals go  to  the 
mountains  ? 


36 


A  volcano  sending  out  smoke  at  its  top  and  low  down  on  its  sides.   This  cone  is  made  of 

lava  and  ashes  (Philippines) 


28.  Volcanoes 

Smoke  and  steam  rise  from  some 
peaks.  Melted  rock  also  flows  from 
them.  Such  peaks  are  volcanoes. 

The  melted  rock  is  lava.  Very 
fine  lava  is  ashes.  Some  peaks  are 
made  of  lava  and  ashes.  They 
come  out  of  a  hole  or  crater. 

The  word  "crater"  means  cup. 
The  hole  is  often  shaped  like  a  cup. 

A  volcano  does  not  send  out  fire. 
The  hot  lava  may  shine  on  the 
clouds  and  make  them  look  like 
fire. 

Lava  rock  crumbles  slowly,  like 
other  rock.  When  it  is  fine  it 


makes  good  soil.    Some  of  the  best 
farms  in  the  world  have  lava  soil. 

Helps  :  —  What  is  a  volcano  ?  What 
comes  from  volcanoes  ?  What  does 
"  crater  "  mean  ? 

29.  How  we  Trade 

We  need  many  things  we  can- 
not raise  or  make.  We  do  not  wish 
to  go  far  away  to  other  lands  to 
buy  them.  We  go  to  a  store  for 
them. 

But  where  do  stores  get  things 
that  grow  far  away  ?  The  goods 
come  in  ships  to  cities  on  the  coast. 
Such  cities  are  ports.  From  the 


37 


ports  the  goods  are  sent  to  the         A  good  road  helps  horses.    They 
stores.  work  hard  for  only  what  they  get 

Thus  the  farmer  may  have  more  to  eat  and  for  a  place  in  the  stable, 
milk  and  garden  stuff  than  he  can  A  bad  road  may  ruin  many  good 
use.  He  is  glad  to  sell  part.  A  mill  horses.  It  may  hurt  their  feet, 
is  glad  to  sell  shoes,  cloth,  tools  or  strain  them  or  overwork  them, 
lumber.  Farmers  can  help  by  putting 

It  is  the  same  with  people  of     wide  tires  on  wheels.    Wide  tires 
other  lands.    They  are  glad  to  sell     do  not  cut  a  road  very  much, 
what  they  do  not  need. 

One  land  far  away 
sends  us  tea  and  silk. 
We  send  back  coal  oil 
and  cloth.  Another 
sends  us  sugar.  We  send 
back  cloth  and  tools. 

Buying  .  and  selling 
is  trade.  When  trade 
is  large  and  with  places 
far  away,  we  call  it 
commerce. 

Let  us  study  some  of 
the    things    that    help 
trade.    First    come    good    wagon 
roads. 


Ox  cart  loaded  with  rice  going  to  market  in  a  city  of  Japan. 
On  this  smooth  road  the  little  ox  can  haul  a  heavy  load 


A  farmer  wishes  to  haul  a  load 
to  market.  He  knows  how  strong 
his  horses  are.  He  thinks  of  the 
road.  If  it  is  steep  or  muddy,  the 
load  must  be  small.  A  rough  road 
may  break  the  wagon. 

If  the  road  is  firm  and  smooth, 
with  gentle  grades,  the  horses  can 
haul  large  loads. 


Helps :  —  Why  must  we  buy  at  stores  ? 
Where  do  the  stores  get  tea,  coffee  and 
other  goods  ?  What  is  a  port  ? 

What  do  farmers  sell  ?  What  do  they 
buy?  What  do  people  in  other  lands 
sell  ?  What  do  they  buy  ? 

What  is  trade  ?    What  is  commerce  ? 

Tell  all  you  can  about  the  need  for 
good  roads.  How  can  we  pay  horses  for 
their  hard  work  ? 

Who  pays  for  roads,  ?  Why  should 
heavy  wagons  have  wide  tires  ?  Do 
wide  tires  pay  ? 


38 


30.  Railroads 

Once  upon  a  time  there  was  grass 
all  over  a  plain.  Many 
cattle    fed   there. 
Each  year  men 
drove  the  fat 
cattle   far 
away  to  mar- 
ket. The  cat- 
tle  had   to 
walk  all  the 
way. 

The  soil 
was  rich  but 
only  grass 
grew  in  it. 
Wheat  would 
grow  there,  Ship  with  freight 

but  the  market  was  too  far  away. 
There  was  no  railroad.  It  would 
not  pay  to  haul  wheat  so  far  in 
wagons.  So  the  people  kept 
on  raising  cattle,  for  they 
could  walk  to  market. 

At   last  a  rail- 
road was   built. 
Here 


was  a  way  to  send  grain  far  away 
to  cities.    Most  of  the  cattle  were 
sold.  Golden  grain 
soon  waved  in  the 
'  fields.    This   plain 
is   now    one    of    the 
richest    wheat    regions 
in  the  world.  The  rail- 
road helped  to 
make  it  rich. 
Without  the 
railroads 
some  pla- 
ces could 
not  send 
milk    to 
the  cities. 
The  milk 
would  a  11 

sour  before  the  wagons  could  reach 
the  homes  of  the  little  children. 


on  a  deep  canal  (England) 


Swift  train  that  carries  people  from  city  to  city 


39 


Goods  are  also  carried  on  lakes, 
rivers    and    canals.     Many    cities 


Slow  freight  where  labor  is  cheap.   Hauling 

grow  up  along  such  water  routes. 
Ships  carry  loads  far  across  the  sea. 

Goods  can  be  sent  cheaper  by 
water  than  by  rail.  The  steel  rails 
are  costly.  So  are  long 
bridges  over  rivers.  The 
ocean  is  level,  but  trains 
must  often  go  up  long 
grades.  In  some  places 
two  or  three  engines  must 
be  used  on  a  single  train. 

Some  goods  must  go 
by  rail.  It  would  not  do 
to  send  milk,  fresh  meat 
and  fresh  vegetables  very 
far  on  boats,  unless  they 
are  kept  cool  with  ice. 

Coal,  bricks,  lumber, 
grain  and  oil  can  go  by 


slow  boats.  Of  course  such  things 

can  also  go  by  rail. 

In  some  dry 
lands  goods  are 
sent  on  the  backs 
of  camels. 

Helps:  —  How 

may  a  railroad 
change  people's 
work  ?  Of  what  use 
are  railroads  ?  Can 
you  think  why  cities 
grow  up  on  good 
water  routes  ? 

Why  can  goods 
be  sent  cheaper  by 

water  than  by  rail  ?  Name  some  goods 
that  ought  not  to  be  sent  very  far  by 
water  unless  they  are  iced.  Name  some 
goods  that  can  go  by  slow  boat. 


chests  of  tea  in  China 


Camels  carry  goods  for  people  traveling  in  some  dry 
lands  (Western  Australia) 


40 


31.  Life  in  the  City 

Now  for  a  trip  to  the  city.  Let 
us  go  to  New  York.  It  is  a  very 
large  city.  The  tall  houses  look 
like  high  walls.  They  are  made 
of  brick  and  stone.  How  hard  the 
streets  are ! 
What  a  noise 
the  cars  and 
wagons  make! 
There  are 
cars  on  the 
Wm  ~^f$f  street,  cars 

over  it,  and 
*Jr  cars  under  it. 

Park  donkey  J)Q  boys  and 

girls  live  here,  with  no  big  barns 
and  green  fields  ? 

Yes;  they  live  here  and  are 
happy.  They  play  ball,  spin  tops, 
roll  hoops,  snap  marbles,  swim, 
skate,  play 
house  with 
pretty  dolls 
and  make 
mud  pies. 

This    part 


Elephant  mother  and  her  baby 


Spotted  deer  in  a  park 

of  New  York  is  called  the  East 
Side.  It  would  take  a  long  time 
to  count  the  school  children  in  one 
square  mile.  They  could  join  hands 
and  reach  thirty  miles. 

Some    days    they   play   in   the 
parks.    They  hear  the  bands  play 
and  they  see  many  pretty  flowers. 
In  the  parks  they  also  see  cages 
of  lions,  tigers,  elephants, 
monkeys  and  many  other 
wild    animals.     There   are 
houses    filled    with    pretty 
birds  fronr  lands  far  away. 
A  large  house  in  one  park 
has  seals  and  fishes.    They 
swim  in  pools  or  tanks.  The 
seals  scream  as  they  splash 
in  the  water.    Lazy  alliga- 
tors lie  in  other  pools.   Only 
the  tips  of  their  noses  are 
out  of  water. 


41 


You  should  see  the  fishes.   There     and  watch  the  ships.  In  school  they 
are  almost  every  form  and  color,     learn  what  the  great  ships  carry. 
Some  can  change  color  while  you         As  the  boys  and  girls  grow  up, 


are  looking  at  them. 

There  are  pretty 
sponges.  They 
grow  on  the  bot- 
tom of  the  sea. 
And  there  are  red 
and  white  coral. 
They  also  grow  on 
the  sea  bottom. 

Then  there  are 
the  shop  windows. 
Here  we  may  see 
all  kinds  of  toys. 
There  are  boats, 
cars,  dolls,  guns, 
engines,  and  toy 
dishes.  There  are 
so  many  other 
things  we  can  hardly 
count  them. 

It  is  fun  to  go  down 
to  the  water  front. 
Every  day  great  ships 
sail  in  and  out.  Some 
come  from  far  over 
the  ocean.  They  bring 
goods  and  people  from 
the  other  side  of  the 
world. 

The  boys  like  to  go 
down  to  the  wharves 


some  work  in  stores,  others  work 
in  shops  or  mills. 

Some  young  men 
learn  to  care  for 
and  drive  horses. 
Others  run  cars 
and  engines. 


Sponge  from  the  sea  bottom 


A  queer  fish  from  the  deep  sea 


Coral  from  the  sea  bottom 


Helps  :  —  Do  you 
know  how  to  play  all 
the  games  named  in 
this  lesson  ?  Which 
of  the  animals  named 
have  you  not  seen  ? 

Have  you  seen  any 
toys   in  a  shop  win- 
dow ?     What  toy  do 
you  like  best  ?  Why  ? 
How  does  a  steam- 
ship   differ     from    a 
sailing    vessel  ?     What 
moves  each  ? 

What  are  some  of  the 
kinds  of  work  done  by 
people  in  cities  ?  What 
kind  of  work  would  you 
like  best  to  do  ? 

The  teacher  will  show 
you  on  a  map  where  the 
city  of  New  York  is.  It 
is  on  the  east  side  of  the 
great  land  we  live  in. 
The  city  is  close  by  a 
wide  ocean  on  which 
ships  sail. 


42 


32.  Sewers  of  a  City  laid  under  the  streets.  Rain  floods 

Gutters    are    made    to    gather     the  streets,  if   the  water  cannot 

water    from   the    streets.     Holes     run  off.  Even  the  cellars  of  houses 

„ , , :-,     may  be   flooded.    Wet   cellars 

may  cause  sickness.  There  must 
be  some  way  to  carry  off  the 
waste  water. 

Buildings  have  pipes  to  carry 
off  waste  water.  They  connect 
with  the  sewers  under  the 
streets.  These  must  be  large 
enough  to  carry  rain  and  snow 
water,  as  well  as  the  water  from 
houses. 

Some  sewers  are  large  iron 
pipes.  Some  are  tubes  or  tunnels 
of  brick  or  cement.  Some  are  so 
large  that  men  can  walk  in 
them. 

Sewers  must  be  deep  enough 
to  take  water  from  cellars.  The 
great  pipes  must  run  to  the 
lowest  part  of  the  city,  so  as  to 
drain  all  houses.  The  outlets 
or  lower  ends  are  often  far  from 
the  crowded  city. 

Bad  gases  form  in  sewers. 
To  keep  out  the  gases,  the  pipes 
in  houses  have  bent  places  or 
traps.  These  stand  full  of  water, 
are  made  in  the  curbs  or  gutters,  The  gas  cannot  get  past  the  water 
to  let  the  water  run  into  sewers,  in  the  traps.  It  rises  in  long  pipes 
These  are  long  pipes  or  tubes  to  or  vents  to  the  roof  and  is  blown 
carry  off  waste  water.  They  are  away. 


Copyright,  Detroit  Pub.  Co. 

Buildings  have  pipes  to  carry  off  waste  water  from 
high  rooms  and  deep  cellars 


43 


If  a  trap  leaks  and  the  water 
runs  out,  the  poison  gas  will  get 
into  the  rooms.  People  are  often 
made  sick  by  this  gas  and  many  die. 

Men  go  down  in  deep  trenches 
and  in  dark  cellars  to  lay  sewer 
pipe.  If  they  do  their  work  well, 
they  save  many  lives.  A  man  who 
does  his  work  well  in  the  dark  is 
as  true  a  hero 


33.  The  Health  of  a  City 

Many  things  in  a  city  may  cause 
sickness.  Among  these  are  impure 
water,  wet  cellars,  sewer  gas,  foul 
air,  flies  and  any  filth  in  yards. 
Cities  employ  health  officers  to 
look  after  such  things. 

Some  one  may  be  very  sick  with 
smallpox.  It  will  not  do  to  leave 


as  the  man  who 
does  his  duty 
in  battle. 

Helps:  — Where 
does  the  rain  water 
from  city  streets 
run  ?  If  the  water 
could  not  run  off 
what  harm  might 
be  done  ? 

What   are    SOme  Copyright,  Geo.  P.  Hall  &  Son,  N.Y. 

of  the  uses  of  water      Health  officers  examine  people  coming  in  ships  to  make  their  homes  in 
in  cities  ?  How  do      America.  Above  is  a  station  (Ellis  island)  where  thousands  of  such 

...  «  people  land  in  New  York 

cities  take  care  of 

the  waste  water  ?   How  does  the  waste     him  in  the  heart  of  the  city.    The 
water  from  houses  reach  the  sewers?      germg    of    thifl    sickness    float    in 

Of  what  are  sewers  made  ?    Why  must      ,  i        •       r\         •  i 

,,      ,    ,  . ,  ,       0  „„  the  air.  One  sick  person  may  cause 

they  be  laid  deep  (   Why  must  they  run 

to  the  lower  parts   of  cities  ?     Where      the  death  of  otners- 
may  they  end  ? 

How  is  sewor  gas  kept  out  of  rooms  ? 
When  may  it  get  into  the  rooms  ?  Why 
are  vents  put  on  sewer  pipes  ?  If  sewer 
gas  gets  into  a  house  what  harm  may  it 
do? 

If  you  live  in  a  city,  find  out  what 
becomes  of  the  rain  falling  on  the  roof. 


The  health  officers  plan  for  a 
house  far  from  other  houses.  The 
sick  man  is  taken  to  it.  He  has  a 
doctor  and  a  nurse,  and  is  given 
good  care.  When  he  is  well  he  can 
go  home.  This  is  one  of  many  kinds 
of  sickness  the  city  watches  over. 


44 


Health  officers  look  after  the 
homes  rented  to  the  poor.  If  there 
is  sewer  gas  the  owner  must  have 
the  pipes  and  traps  fixed.  The 
back  yards  must  be  kept  clean. 
The  owner  must  keep  the  house  in 
repair,  so  as  to  prevent  sickness. 


Copyright,  Detroit  Pub.  Co. 

Elevated  railway.   Cars  running  high  overhead 

Signs  are  put  up,  telling  people 
not  to  spit  in  cars  or  on  sidewalks. 
Spit  has  often  many  germs  of  sick- 
ness. When  dry  they  float  in  the 
air  and  people  breathe  them.  Long 
dresses  also  sweep  up  germs  and 
carry  them  about. 

Health  officers  forbid  the  sale  of 
some  kinds  of  food  and  other  things 
that  harm  people.  They  carry  poor 
sick  people  to  hospitals,  where  they 
may  have  free  care.  In  these  and 
many  other  ways  the  officers  watch 


over  the  health  of  the  city,  even 
while  we  are  sleeping. 

Helps  :  —  Name  some  causes  of  sick- 
ness in  cities.  Tell  about  the  work  of 
health  officers. 

Why  do  doctors  vaccinate  people  ? 
Why  should  we  not  spit  on  walks  or 
in  cars  ? 

34.  Travel  in  a  City 

As  a  city  grows, 
the  price  of  land 
goes  up.     Stores 
take  the  place  of 
homes  on  the  busy 
streets.     As  more 
people  come  in,  the 
price  goes  higher. 
Then  the  buildings 
are  made  taller,  so 
that    more    stores 
may  stand  on  small  lots  of  land. 
A  few  years  ago  men  began  to 
make  the  frames  of  buildings  out 
of  iron  and  steel.    The  beams  and 
posts  are  put  together  like  bridges. 
Upon  these  the  tile,  brick  and  stone 
may  rest.    In  this  way  a  building 
has  been   made   fifty-two   stories 
high.    It  is  shown  on  page  42. 

When  people  make  their  homes 
away  from  stores  and  offices,  they 
must  find  some  way  to  go  back 
and  forth.  They  go  home  to 


45 


sleep,  and  each  morning  go  back     people  can  also  own  homes,  as  the 
to  work.  land  in  the  country  is  cheaper  than 

Long  ago  horse  cars  could  carry     in  the  city.   Homes  in  the  country 
all  who  wished  to  ride.    But  the     may  be  built  of  wood,  while  in  the 
tall  buildings  led  crowds   to  the     crowded  city  streets  only  brick  or 
busy  parts  of  cities  and  such  cars     stone  can  be  used,  for  fear  of  fires, 
could  not  carry  them. 

In  some  cities  cars  were 
hauled  by  long  wire  rope 
running  under  the  streets. 
This  plan  is  still  used  in 
places.  In  other  cities  such 
cars  could  not  carry  the 
crowds.  Railways  were  built 
high  over  the  streets.  We 
call  them  elevated  railways. 

Some  overhead  cars  are 
run  by  steam.  Others  use 
electricity.  But  in  some  cit- 
ies even  these  cars  cannot 
carry  all  the  people  who  wish 
to  go  to  the  tall  buildings. 
So  long  tunnels  or  subways 
are  dug  under  the  streets.  Cars  Rivers  flow  through  some  cities 
run  in  them,  and  people  can  be  or  past  them.  These  may  call  for 
whizzed  along  very  fast,  as  there  bridges,  so  that  the  land  on  both 
are  no  wagons  or  horses  in  the  way.  sides  may  be  used.  The  great  city 

Electric  lines  from  cities  often  of  New  York  has  bridges  so  high 
run  far  out  into  the  country.  A  that  tall  ships  can  sail  under  them, 
map  of  such  lines  may  look  like  a  This  same  city  has  tunnels  in  which 
spider's  web.  People  can  go  back  electric  cars  and  steam  trains  can 
and  forth  quickly  to  work.  At  the  run  under  the  river, 
same  time  the  children  can  have  Helps:  — Can  you  tell  why  the  price 
the  pure  air  and  outdoor  life.  More  of  land  rises  in  busy  cities  ?  Why  do 


Curve  in  a  subway  where  electric  cars  run  underground 


46 


men  wish   to   build   stores    where   the 
most  people   are  ? 

Can  you  think  why  very  tall  houses 
are  not  built  out  in  the  country  ?  Tell 
how  the  tallest  buildings  are  made. 


Copyright,  Underwoou  &  Underwood*  N.Y 

One  of  the  great  steamships  that  carry  mail 
across  the  ocean 

As  cities  grow,  why  do  people  move 
their  homes  farther  away  from  the  shop- 
ping centers  ? 

Tell  some  of  the  ways  people  reach 
their  homes  at  night  and  their  work  in 
the  morning.  What  moves  the  cars  ? 
Why  do  people  like  to  have  homes  in 


the  country  ?  Why  are  country  homes 
cheaper  than  city  homes  ?  Why  must 
brick  or  stone  be  used  in  crowded  cities  ? 
Do  you  know  of  any  cities  that  have 
been  burned  ? 

Of  what  use  are  bridges  ? 

35.  Sending  a  Letter 

How  easy  it  is  to  send  a  letter ! 
We  write  it,  seal  it,  put  on  a  stamp 
and  drop  it  into  a  mail  box. 

A  man  comes  to  the  box  and 
takes  out  the  letter.  He  puts  it 
in  a  bag  and  it  goes  to  the  post 
office.  Here  it  is  stamped  with 
the  date. 

A  man  looks  at  the  letter  to  see 
where  it  is  going.  It  may  be  for 
some  person  in  Cuba.  He  puts  it 
in  a  bag  and  sends  it  to  a  train. 
Now  it  is  off  for  some  port  from 
which  a  steamer  will  sail  for  Cuba. 

The  port  may  be  New  York.  If 
so,  the  steamer  sails  far  south. 
Days  pass.  Then  a  tall  lighthouse 
comes  into  sight.  It  is  at  the 
mouth  of  Havana  harbor. 

The  mail  goes  ashore  in  a  small 
boat.  The  post  office  is  near  by. 
Here  the  letters  are  again  looked 
over,  to  see  where  they  are  going. 
Our  letter  is  tossed  into  a  bag  and 
sent  to  a  train. 

Away  it  goes  once  more,  out 
where  sugar  cane  grows,  and 


47 


strange  fruits  we  have  never  seen. 
At  last  the  mail  bag  is  put  on  a 
little  sugar  train.  The  cars  wind 
in  and  out  till  they  reach  a  mill 
where  brown  sugar  is  made. 

Here  is  a  small  post  office.  The 
letters  are  taken  out  and  given  to 
postmen.  One  of  them 
takes  our  letter  and 
starts  off  on  horse- 
back over  the  moun- 
tains. He  stops  in  a, 
little  village,  knocks 
at  a  door  and  hands 
the  letter  to  the  person 
whose  name  is  on  it. 

Who  pays  for  all 
this  work?  We  do, 
when  we  put  the  two- 
cent  stamp  on  the 
letter. 

Most   letters  go  a 
very    short    distance. 
Many  do  not  leave  the  city  where 
they  are  written.    Others   go  far 
away.    Thus  some  call  for  much 
work  and  others  for  very  little. 

It  would  be  hard  to  fix  the  cost 
for  each  letter.  One  might  cost  a 
tenth  of  a  cent,  another  ten  dollars. 
The  average  cost  in  our  country  is 
about  two  cents.  This  amount  is 
so  small  it  is  put  on  every  letter, 
up  to  a  certain  weight. 


Two  cents  will  also  carry  a 
letter  to  Cuba  or  Canada.  Letters 
to  some  countries  call  for  five-cent 
stamps.  At  the  post  office  you  can 
find  out  the  price  of  sending  a 
letter  to  any  part  of  the  world. 

Letters  help  in  trade.  Men  write 


In  some  large 
ground.   Here 


cities  mail  is  forced  by  air  in  long  tubes  under- 
the  bags  of  mail,  just  off  a  train,  are  going  into 
a  tube  that  leads  to  a  post  office 

for  prices  of  goods  or  to  order 
them.  Checks  are  sent  in  letters. 
Money  orders  are  sold  at  the  post 
office  and  these  go  by  mail. 

Many  other  kinds  of  messages 
go  in  letters.  Best  of  all  is  the 
letter  the  young  man  sends  home 
to  his  mother,  when  he  goes  out 
into  the  world  to  win  his  way. 

Helps :  -T7-  Find  out  all  you  can  about 
the  work  in  a  post  office. 


48 


36.  Harbor  and  Port  to  anchor.  It  is  an  easy  place  for 

Some  cities  grow  near  the  coast,  them  to  handle  freight. 

Let  us  see  why.  New  York  has  such  a  harbor. 

People  often  wish  to  send  goods  It  is  deep  and  wide.  Gales  cannot 

away  on  ships.    They  also  wish  to  drive  strong  waves  into  it.    Ships 


bring  goods  on 
ships  from  other 
lands.  Men  try  to 
find  the  best  places 
for  the  ships  to  load 
and  unload. 

The  water  must 
be  deep  so  that  the 
ships  will  not  strike 
bottom.  It  must 
not  be  too  deep  to 
anchor  in.  It  is  bet- 
ter if  the  deep  wa- 
ter reaches  close  to 
the  shore.  The 
ships  can  then  lie 
beside  the  wharves. 
This  makes  it  easy 
to  load  and  un- 
load. 

High  waves  may 
sink  ships.    Strong 
winds  may   drive 
them    ashore.     In 
some  places  arms  of  land  shut  out 
the  waves.    Hills  help  to  ward  off 
gales. 

A  body  of  water  like  this  is  a 
harbor.   It  is  a  safe  place  for  ships 


Children  of  other  lands  like  to  go  down 
to  the  wharves  where  boats  come  in 


Tell  all   you 


can  go  in  and  out 
easily.  The  water  is 
deep  close  to  the 
wharves.  The  larg- 
est ships  can  lie  be- 
side them  to  load. 

A  city  by  a  har- 
bor is  a  port.  The 
ocean  is  often  called 
the  sea.  A  port  by 
the  sea  is  a  seaport. 
New  York  is  the 
largest  seaport  in 
our  country. 

Helps:  — Why  do 
we  need  seaports? 
Why  must  the  water 
in  a  harbor  be  deep  ? 
Can  it  be  too  deep  ? 

Why  is  it  better  if 
deep  water  lies  close  to 
shore  ?  Tell  what  else 
is  needed  for  a  good 
harbor.  What  is  a  har- 
bor ? 
can  about  New  York 


harbor.    What  is  a  port  ?  —  a  seaport  ? 

37.  Why  Seaports  Grow 
Some  seaports  are  at  the  mouths 
of  rivers.    The  mouth  of  a  river  is 


49 


the  part  that  empties  into  the  sea  goods  from  other  lands.   Then  they 

or  other  water.   It  is  the  lower  end  supply  stores  not  in  seaports, 
of  a  river.  Railroads  help   ports  to  grow, 

If  a   river   is   deep   and  wide,  just  as  rivers  do.    The  cars  carry 
ships  can  go  far  inland.    Such 
river  helps  a  port  to 


Boats  that  go  up  and  down 

The  towns  and  cities  along  the 
river  can  use -the  one  great  port  at 
the  mouth.  They  can  send  goods 
on  boats  down  to  the  port.  Boats 
can  also  bring  back  goods  that 
come  from  other  lands. 

The  river  trade  calls  for  more 
ships,  wharves  and  men.  in  the 
seaport.  These  men  must  have 
homes.  Workmen  move  there  to 
build  them.  Stores  of  all  kinds  are 
needed.  The  stores  can  easily  get 


the  longest  river  in  the  world 

freight  and  people  to  and  from  the 
ports.  Many  people  come  to  trade 
in  large  ports. 

If  quick  trains  run,  people  can 
work  in  the  port  and  live  in  the 
country.  Thus  the  suburbs  grow. 

Helps :  —  What  is  the  mouth  of  a 
river  ?  How  does  it  help  a  seaport  to 
be  at  the  mouth  of  a  river  ? 

Why  do  cities  grow  along  deep  rivers 
leading  to  large  ports  ?  How  do  such 
cities  help  the  seaports  to  grow  ? 


50 


38.  Why  Other  Cities  Grow  Chicago  is  far  inland  on  one  of 

We  have  read  about  a  mill  by  a  these  lakes.  It  is  the  largest  lake 

waterfall.    Some  falls  turn  wheels  port   in   the  world.    It   also   has 

for  many  mills.    People  are  needed  many  railroads. 

for  the  mills.  Many  cities  grow  where  railroads 

They  must  have  homes  and  meet  lakes  or  rivers.  Goods  may 

stores.  It  is  easy  to  see  why  cities  then  be  sent  by  boat  and  by  rail. 

grow  near  high  falls  in  rivers.  ^  The  trade  area  is  larger.  Cities 
It  is  also  easy  to  see  /|\.  ^  a^so  grow  where  rivers  meet. 

why  cities  grow  along       A  Jf\  Cities    grow   on    railroads, 

deep   rivers.    They     /Jfm\  !•  l\                                      just  as  on 

can  trade  by  boats       /y^Mm^  -, .  /-   I  i          .     rivers.  It 


is  easy  to 
carry  on 
trade.  The 


with  one 

another. 

The  boats 

may  even 

go   down 

to  ports 

by  the  sea. 

Then  the 

cities  can 

trade  with  Tnis  steamshiP  uses  the  compass  to  find  its  way  across  the  ocean 

lands  far  over  the  sea.  growth  is  faster  if  many  railroads 

Some  lakes  are  very  large.  They     meet  in  one  city.  Can  you  tell  why? 


are  like  great  inland  seas.  They 
reach  out  to  farms,  forests  and 
mines.  Great  ships  gather  up  the 
products.  Large  ports  grow  by 
such  lakes. 

There  are  five  such  lakes  near 
the  northern  border  of  our  country. 
They  are  called  the  Great  Lakes. 
A  canal  and  a  river  connect  them 
with  the  city  of  New  York. 


Helps :  —  Why  do  cities  grow  near 
falls  in  rivers?  Why  do  they  grow 
along  deep  and  wide  rivers  ? 

What  is  said  about  the  Great  Lakes  ? 

Find  out  what  canal  joins  these  lakes 
with  the  Hudson  river.  How  has  this 
canal  helped  New  York  to  grow  ? 

What  is  said  about  Chicago?  How 
has  the  Erie  canal  helped  Chicago  to 
grow  ?  i 

Why  do  cities  grow  near  railroads  ? 


Why  do  they  grow  where  railroads  meet 
lakes  or  rivers  ?  —  where  one  river  flows 
into  another  ? 

Find  out  what  makes  your  own  city 
or  town  grow. 

39.  Points  of  the  Compass 


bar  or  needle  of  steel.  It  is  a 
magnet.  It  swings  easily.  Even 
a  breath  of  air  may  move  it. 

The  earth  draws  this  needle  and 
makes  it  point  almost  north  and 
south.  In  some  places  it  points 


Sailors  find  their  way  far  across     just  north  and  south.    The  needle 


the  sea.  They  must 
know  where  north, 
south,  east  and  west 
are.  We  all  ought  to 
know  how  to  find  our 
way.  Let  us  learn 
how. 

The  sun  rises  in  or 
near  the  east.  It  sets 
in  or  near  the  west. 

Face  the  east. 
North  is  now  at 
your  left  hand. 
South  is  at  your 
right.  West  is  be- 
hind you. 

At  midday  all 
shadows  where  we 
live  point  to  the  . 


NORTH 


WEST 


EAST 


SOUTH 

Compass  card 


Ship's  compass 


north.    Can  you  think  why  ? 

Sailors  use  the  compass  to  show 
north,  south,  east  and  west.  Here 
is  a  picture  of  a  compass.  You  can 
see  a  round  card  with  letters  on 
it.  What  are  the  letters?  What 
do  they  mean  ? 

Under  the  card  there  is  a  little 


shows  sailors  where 
north  is. 

The  sun  and  stars 
also  help  sailors  to  find 
their  way.  They  can- 
not see  the  sun  on 
cloudy  days,  nor  the 
stars  on  foggy  nights. 
The  little  needle  points 
out  the  way  even  when 
the  sun  and  stars 
are  not  in  sight. 

Helps :  —  Turn  your 
back  to  the  north.  In 
what  direction  are  you 
now  facing?  Name 
some  objects  south  of 
you. 

Can   you   name   a 
street  that  runs  north 
Can  you   name   one    that 


and   south  ? 

runs  east  and  west? 

Point  halfway  between  north  and 
east.  We  call  this  northeast.  It  may  be 
written  N.E.  Where  will  you  look  for 
northwest  ?  How  else  may  you  write  it  ? 
Where  is  southwest  ?  —  southeast  ? 

Try  to  learn  how  to  find  north  by  the 
stars.  Can  vou  find  the  north  star  ? 


52 


40.  Shore  Forms 

We  have  read  about  a  harbor. 
This  is  only  one  of  many  forms 
made  where  the  land  dips  under 
the  sea.  The  land  close  by  the  sea 
is  the  coast  or  shore. 

Some  coasts  are  high  and  rocky. 
Others  are  low  and  sandy.  Some 
are  nearly  straight.  Others  are 
bent  or  broken,  as  in  the  picture. 


A  peninsula  has  water  on  nearly 
all  sides.  One  side  joins  the  main- 
land. The  word  "  peninsula ' '  means 
almost  an  island. 

A  neck  of  land  may  join  a  pen- 
insula with  the  mainland.  Any 
neck  of  land  that  joins  two  bodies 
of  land  is  an  isthmus.  This  word 
means. neck.  Does  it  not  look  like 
a  neck  in  the  picture  below  ? 


Shore  forms  where  the  land  dips  under  the  sea 


A  cape  is  a  point  of  land  that 
juts  out  into  the  water.  Some  capes 
are  high  and  some  are  low. 

Arms  of  water  reach  into  the 
land.  There  are  long  arms  and 
short  arms.  Some  are  so  large  that 
a  swift  ship  cannot  cross  in  a  day. 

These  arms  of  the  sea  are  called 
bays,  gulfs  or  seas.  A  bay  is  like 
a  gulf  or  sea. 

An  island  has  water  on  all  sides. 
A  boat  can  sail  round  it.  Some  of 
the  largest  cities  in  the  world  are 
on  islands. 


The  word  "strait"  means  nar- 
row. A  strait  is  a  neck  of  water 
that  joins  two  bodies  of  water. 

Some  straits  are  many  miles 
wide.  But  they  are  narrower  than 
the  bodies  of  water  they  connect. 

Helps  :  —  What  is  a  coast  ?  What 
other  name  has  it  ?  What  is  a  cape  ? 

What  names  are  given  to  arms  of  the 
sea  ?  What  is  a  bay  ? 

How  does  an  island  differ  from  a 
peninsula?  What  does  "peninsula" 
mean  ? 

What  is  an  isthmus  ?  —  a  strait  ? 
How  do  they  differ  ? 


53 


41.  Factories 

A  factory  is  a  building  in  which 
things  are  made.  Some  cities  have 
many  factories.  Others  have  few. 
Let  us  see  why. 

A  factory  needs  power  to  run  ma- 
chines. We  have  read  about  water 
power  and  steam.  Steam  calls  for 
heat,  and  this  calls  for  fuel.  There 
are  many  kinds  of  fuel,  such  as 
wood,  coal,  gas  and  oil. 

Machines  may  also  be  run  by 
electricity.  It  may  be  made  by  any 
power  that  will  turn  wheels. 

A  city  near  fuel  saves  the  cost 
of  hauling  it  far.  Many  factories 
are  built  in  cities  near  coal  mines. 
There  are  many  also  near  gas  wells 
and  oil  wells. 

Long  ago  most  factories  were 
built  near  falls.  Many  are  still 
built  there,  as  the  water  power 


wood,  wool,  iron,  milk,  wheat  or 
other  things.  From  them  are  made 


An  island  in  a  lake 

helps,  even  if  other  power  is  also 
used. 

kA  factory  must  have  goods  to 
ork   with.    It  may  use   cotton, 


Ships  on  the  ocean 

cloth,  carpets,  wagons,  plows,  but- 
ter or  flour. 

Flour  mills  are  built  near  wheat 
fields  and  where  there  is  power  or 
fuel.  Iron  mills  are  built  within 
reach  of  iron  ore  and  fuel. 

Helps  :  —  What  is  a  factory  ?  Why 
does  it  need  power?  Name  two  kinds 
of  power.  What  are  needed  to  make 
steam  ? 

Name  some  kinds  of  fuel.  Why  is  it 
best  for  a  city  to  be  near  a  supply  of  fuel  ? 

Why  are  some  factories  built  near 
falls  ?  Why  may  they  also  need  steam  ? 

What  must  a  factory  have  besides 
power?  Name  some  kinds  of  material 
used  in  factories,  and  tell  what  may  be 
made  from  each. 


54 


42.  Printing  a  Book 

If  you  live  in  a  city,  perhaps 
you  can  visit  a  building  where 
books  are  made.  There  is  much 
to  learn.  You  can  see  what  people 
and  machines  are  doing. 

Look  at  this  book.  Tell  which 
part  is  cloth,  cardboard,  paper, 
thread,  glue,  ink.  All  these  things 


Pressing  pages  of  type  into  wax  to  make 

must  be  ready  before  the  book  can 
be  made. 

Many  people  work  on  a  book. 
Some  raise  the  fiber  to  use  in  the 
cloth.  Others  weave  the  cloth, 
spin  the  thread,  make  the  paper, 
the  dye,  the  ink  and  the  glue. 
Others  cut  down  spruce  trees  to 
make  pulp  for  cardboard. 

Turn  to  the  picture  of  the  two 
boys  on  page  1.  They  live  far 


over  the  ocean.  Their  home  is  in 
Norway.  In  winter  snow  covers 
the  land.  Then  they  go  sliding  on 
skis.  They  are  long  flat  pieces  of 
wood  tied  on  the  feet. 

An  artist  cut  this  picture  in 
wood.  Look  closely  and  you  can 
see  many  dots  and  lines.  With 
these  he  makes  the  eyes,  the  mouth, 
the  fur  coats. 

It  took  several 
days  to  cut  this  litr 
tie  block  of  wood. 
The  work  is  very 
costly.  Such  pic- 
tures are  bright  and 
clear  and  do  not 
harm  the  eyes  to 
look  closely  at  them. 
The  words  of  this 
book  were  set  in 
type.  Each  is  a  lit- 

copperplates  t]e    piece    Qf    metaj 

with  the  letter  on  one  end.  See 
how  many  pieces  were  used  on  a 
single  page.  Each  piece  in  the 
whole  book  had  to  be  lifted  from 
its  box  and  set  in  place. 

But  the  book  was  not  printed 
from  type  or  woodcut.  When  these 
were  set  up  together,  they  were 
pressed  into  hard  wax.  Then  a 
thin  copper  plate  was  made  on  the 
wax,  looking  just  like  the  type 


55 


and  the  picture.  The  type  would 
wear  out  too  quickly.  The  copper 
wears  a  long  time.  Hot  metal  is 
run  on  the  back  of  the  plate  to 
make  it  stiff  and  strong.  Each 
plate  is  a  page. 

Now  the  plates  are  put  on  a 
press.  Ink  rollers  run  over  them. 
The  ink  sticks 
to  the  raised 
lines.  Then 
great  cylinders 
press  clean  pa- 
per upon  the 
plates.  They 
print  the  pages. 

You  ought  to 
watch  a  press 
at  work.  It 
moves  as  if  it 
were  thinking. 

Helps:  —  Of 
what  is  this  book 
made?  Name 

some  of  the  kinds  of  work  that  must 
be  done  before  a  book  can  be  printed. 

What  is  said  about  woodcuts  ?  How 
are  the  plates  for  printing  pages  made  ? 
How  was  this  book  printed  ? 

43.  Binding  a  Book 

The  press  does  not  print  one 
small  page  at  a  time.  It  prints 
large  sheets  with  many  pages. 

Now  a  machine  folds  the  sheets. 


Its  rubber  fingers  lift  just  one  sheet 
at  a  time,  better  than  your  fingers 
could.  Little  clasps  come  up  and 
catch  hold  of  the  sheet.  It  is  then 
pulled  under  blades,  which  fold  it 
this  way  and  that,  till  the  pages 
read  1,  2,  3,  4,  and  so  on.  There 
must  be  no  mistake  in  the  order. 


Pouring  hot  metal  on  the  back  of  a  copper  plate 

The  folded  sheets  are  now  put 
in  a  long  machine  that  gathers  all 
the  leaves  of  the  book  together. 
These  are  sewed  with  strong  linen 
thread.  Now  they  begin  to  take 
the  form  of  books. 

These  are  fed  inkra  cutting  ma- 
chine. When  each  bundle  comes 
out,  the  edges  are  cut  on  three 
sides. 


56 


Now  let  us  see  how  the  cover  is 
made.  A  long  roll  of  cloth  is  fed 
into  a  machine.  A  blade  cuts  the 
cloth  the  right  size.  Each  piece  is 
now  covered  with  glue.  Tubes 
suck  up  two  pieces .  of  cardboard 
and  carry  them  over  the  cloth. 
In  just  the  right  place  they  are 
pressed  down  on  the  cloth. 


a  time,  in  a  very  strong  press.  It 
stamps  the  picture  and  the  name 
of  the  book  on  the  cloth. 

But  the  work  is  not  yet  done. 
The  covers  are  not  on  the  books. 
Men  now  spread  glue  upon  the  out- 
side leaves  and  press  the  covers  on. 
Then  they  put  the  books  in  presses 
to  hold  them  flat  while  they  dry. 
There  are 
many  other 
things  to  see 
in  a  printing 
house.  Many 
hundred  people 
work  in  the 
great  building 
in  which  this 
geography  was 
printed. 


Cylinders  press  clean  paper  on  the  plates  and  print  the  pages 

The  machine  now  turns  over  the     trims  the  edges, 
edges  of  the  cloth  and  presses  them 
down.    The  glue  holds  everything 
in  place. 

Next  the  machine  places  the 
cover  on  a  pile  of  others,  where 
men  can  take  them.  All  this  work 
is  done  inside  one  machine.  It  is 
worth  a  long  trip  to  see  it. 

Now  the  covers  are  put,  one  at 


Helps  :  —  Tell 
about  the  folding 
machine ;     about 
the  machine  that 
Tell  how  the  cover  of 
this  book  was   made.     What  else  was 
done  after  the  cover  was  made  ? 


44.   The  Picture  on  the  Cover 

A  book  calls  for  much  thought 
and  care.  Even  the  little  picture 
on  the  cover  teaches  a  lesson. 

The  picture  was  pressed  into  the 
hard  cover  with  a  die.  This  must 


57 


be  very  strong  to  stand  the  pres- 
sure. It  was  cut  in  brass. 

The  lines  of  the  die  must  be 
made  thick,  so  as  not  to  break  un- 
der the  press.  They  are  not  like 
the  fine  lines  of  woodcuts. 

Now  let  us  see  what  is  in  the 
picture  on  the  cover.  There  are  the 
three  ships  of  Columbus.  The  ship 
on  which  he  sailed  was  the  Santa 
Maria.  It  has  a  cross  on  the  sail. 
Behind  are  the  Pinta  and  Nina. 

In  the  left  half  of  the  picture 
are  four  little  shields.  Two  belong 
to  our  country.  The  castle  and 
lions  on  one  shield  show  a  coat  of 
arms  of  Spain.  The  lower  left 
shield  has  an  old  coat  of  arms 
of  Italy. 

Now  for  the  story  of  the  picture. 
There  is  the  Atlantic  ocean,  with 
the  Old  World  and  the  New.  The 
ships  are  crossing  the  ocean.  A 
man  from  Italy,  but  sailing  from 
Spain,  reached  America. 

The  picture  shows  the  strange 
birds  that  led  Columbus  to  think 
he  was  near  land.  Even  when  the 
sailors  wished  to  kill  him  he  would 
not  turn  back.  He  asked  them  to 
sail  one  day  more,  and  land  was 
found. 

Notice  that  the  sails  are  full. 
The  ships  are  sailing  west.  The 


wind  blows  from  the  east,  behind 
the  ships.  This  is  the  belt  of  trade 
winds  that  scared  the  sailors,  as 
it  blew  them  always  away  from 
home.  They  thought  they  could 
never  sail  back  towards  the  east, 
against  the  wind,  but  they  did. 


Stamping  book  covers 

The  story  of  Columbus  is  the 
story  of  a  hero.  When  you  pick 
up  this  little  book,  look  at  the 
picture  on  the  cover.  It  tells 
you  to  press  on  bravely  in  your 
work  and  you  will  succeed. 

Helps:  —  Tell  all  you  can  about  the 
picture  on  the  cover. 


58 


45.  Market  for  Goods 

A  factory  must  have  a  market 
for  its  goods.  A  lumber  mill  would 
be  of  little  use  if  people  did  not 
use  wood.  Men  build  factories  to 
make  what  people  need. 

Farms  need  wagons,  plows  and 
farm  tools.    Cities  near 
by    are    likely    to 
make  these  very 
things. 

Most  of  the 
hats,  shoes 
and  clothing 
are  sold  in 
cities.  Here 
is   where 
most  of  them 
are  made. 

Mills  need 
workmen  that 
are  very  skillful. 

Here,  then,  are  some 
things  that  help  mills  and 
factories  to  grow :  water  power, 
cheap  fuel,  raw  material  and  good 
markets.  And  we  must  not  forget 
skillful  workmen. 

If  you  live  in  a  city,  try  to  find 
out  what  the  factories  make,  and 
why.  Find  out  where  the  raw 
goods  come  from.  Find  out  where 
the  new  goods  are  sold.  What  rail- 
roads bring  goods  to  your  city  ? 


Cloth  weaving 


Helps  :  —  Why  are  factories  built  ? 
Why  must  there  be  a  market  for  the 
goods  ? 

Name  some  things  likely  to  be  made 
in  cities  near  farms.  Why  is  much 
clothing  made  in  cities  ? 

Of  what  use  are  skillful  workmen  ? 

Name  some  things  that  help  mills  to 
grow. 

46.  How  Bricks  are 
Made 

We  know  that 
it  is  unsafe  to 
build  houses 
of  wood  in 
large  cities. 
If  one  house 
burns,  others 
close  to  it  are 
likely  to  burn 
also.  Cities  use 
mostly  brick  and 
stone. 

A  great  city  needs  many 
bricks.  They  are  made  of 
clay.  The  clay  is  dug  out  of  the 
ground. 

The  clay  for  bricks  is  put  in 
mixing  machines  and  wet.  These 
machines  turn  the  clay  and  mix 
it  to  a  thick  paste.  This  is  put 
into  molds,  or  rows  of  boxes  ju"st 
the  size  and  shape  of  bricks. 
The  clay  is  pressed  hard  in  the 
molds. 


59 


The  molds  are  lifted  away  and 
we  see  a  row  of  bricks.  They  are 
too  soft  to  use,  so  they  are  first 
set  one  side  to  dry.  Now  they  are 
only  wet  clay.  They  will  not  be 
hard  bricks  till  they  are  burned. 

At  last  the  bricks  are  dry  enough 
to  handle  without  breaking.  Now 
they  may 
be  piled 
in  great 
masses. 
It  would 
require  a 
longtime 
to  count 
them  all 

Spaces 
are  left 
for  the 
hot  air 
to  move 
in  among 
them,  to 
dry  them.  Takin« 

We  may  now  build  hot  fires  in 
the  pile  of  bricks.  The  fires  burn 
day  after  day  till  the  bricks  are 
dry  and  hard. 

Bricks  are  of  many  colors.  There 
are  red,  brown,  yellow,  white,  green 
and  blue.  The  color  depends  on 
the  heat  and  also  on  the  kind  of 
clay  used. 


If  bricks  are  used  where  you  live, 
try  to  find  out  where  they  are  made. 

Helps  :  —  Tell  how  bricks  are  made. 
Why  are  they  burned  ?  Why  must  bricks 
be  very  strong  ? 

47.  Building  Stone 

Stone  for  buildings  comes  from 
the  ground.  The  place  the  stone 


sandstone  from  a  quarry 

comes  from  is  a  quarry.  Here  is 
a  picture  of  one. 

The  inside  of  the  earth  is  rock. 
There  is  rock  under  all  soil.  There 
is  rock  under  all  water.  Often 
there  is  soil  between  the  rock  and 
the  water. 

Dig  deep  enough  anywhere  and 
you  will  find  solid  rock.  In  some 


60 


places  it  comes  to  the  surface.    It 
shows  in  ledges. 

Stone  or  rock  may  be  cut  quite 
smooth  with  steel  chisels.  These 
are  struck  with  hammers. 

There  are  also  machines  that 
pound  and  smooth  the  rock.  Some 
of  it  is  also  sawed  into  blocks  and 
slabs.  Machines 
also  rub  on  the 
stone  and  polish 
it. 

Marble  takes 
a  fine  polish. 
Much  of  it  is 
used  inside  of 
houses.  It  looks 
clean  and  pretty. 
The  outside  of 
some  houses  is 
also  made  of 
marble.  This 
stone  is  often 
used  for  statues. 


Girls  in  Japan  picking  tea  that  may  come  in  a 
ship  to  our  country 


roofs.  The  word  "slate"  means  chip. 
The  rock  chips  off  in  thin  layers. 

Men  open  quarries  as  near  cities 
as  they  can.  Of  course  you  know 
why.  Cheap  stone  helps  cities  to 
grow. 

48.  Trade  of  a  Seaport 

A  ship  is  coming  into  port.  Let 
us  go  aboard.  A 
pilot  is  steering, 
so  that  it  will 
not  run  aground. 
Sailors  are  scrub- 
bing the  decks. 
Men  are  tending 
the  engines. 
Officers  direct 
the  work. 

This  ship  has 
come  far  across 
the  ocean. 

Now  come  the 
men  to  unload. 
Wagons  stand 
ready  to  haul 


Granite   also 

takes  a  good  polish.   This  is  per-  goods  away.   Some  also  go  on  cars 

haps  the  best  of  all  kinds  of  build-  and  boats, 

ing  stone.  The  tea  goes  to  a  grocer.    The 

Sandstone    is    not    so   hard   as  cloth  and  laces  go  to  a  dry-goods 

granite.     The    grains   are    looser,  store.    The  spices  go  to  a  factory 

Sandstone  is  pretty.     It  may  be  to  be  ground  to  powder.  The  knives 

red,  brown,  gray  or  blue.  and  razors  go  to  a  hardware  store. 

There  are  other  kinds  of  rock  Here  are  crates  of  toys  for  the 

houses.    Slate  is  used  on  toyshop.    This  gold  is  for  a  bank. 


u 


in 


61 


These  wild  animals  are  for  a  park.  Cars  also  are  coming  to  the  city. 
The  gems  are  for  the  jeweler.  And  This  early  train  brings  milk  and 
still  there  is  more  in  the  ship.  garden  stuff.  Here  is  a  train  of  cat- 
Now  comes  a  ship  with  bales  tie,  sheep  and  hogs  from  the  West, 
of  cotton.  It  goes  to  mills  that  Cars  and  boats  bring  many  peo- 
cotton  comes  pie  to  the  city.  Some  come  to 


make    cloth.     The 
from  New  Orleans. 

Here  is  a  ship 
from  far-off  Cuba. 
It  brings  sacks  of 
brown  sugar.  This 
goes  to  a  building 
where  men  will 
refine  it  to  make  it 
white. 

This  ship  is  from 
South  America.  It 
brings  wool,  sheep- 
skins and  hides  of 
cattle.  Mills  get  the 
wool.  The  skins 
and  hides  go  to  a 
tanner.  He  will  tan 
them  and  make 
leather. 


their  daily  work. 
Others  come  to  visit 
and  see  the  sights 
of  the  city.  Many 
come  to  buy  goods. 
Others  come  to  go 
on  ships  to  far-off 
lands. 

This  is  a  mere 
glimpse.  Only  a 
visit  to  the  city 
can  show  the  many 
kinds  of  work  done 
there. 

Helps: — If    you 

were  on  a  ship  coming 
into  port,  what  kinds 
of  work  might  you  see 


men  doing  ? 


Boys  far  away  in  Asia,  putting  pieces 
of  shell  in' wood  to  look  like  flowers. 
Here  come  great     These  may  come  in  a  ship  to  our  country     ^^^ 

barges   with 


boats  or  barges  with  coal.  The 
coal  is  for  the  mills,  the  stores 
and  the  homes. 

And  all  the  time  river  boats 
are  coming  down.  They  bring 
bricks  and  stone.  They  bring  lum- 
ber from  sawmills  and  wheat  from 
farms. 


Can  you  tell  where  any  of  them  come 
from  ?  Where  may  they  be  sent  from 
the  ships  ? 

Why  do  cities  need  much  coal  ? 

Name  some  things  that  would  be  likely 
to  reach  the  cities  by  train. 

Why  do  morning  and  evening 
trains  carry  many  people  to  and  from 
cities  ? 


62 


49.  Kinds  of  Work  in  a  City 

What  can  a  seaport  do  with  all 

the  goods  sent  to  it  ?   It  uses  some 

of  them.   Others  it  sends  away.   A 

port  supplies  many  cities  and  towns. 

It  is   easy  to   see  why  people 


Little  Irish  girls  who  live  on  an  island  west 
of  Europe,  but  they  play  games  as  we  do 

build  all  kinds  of  workshops  in 
such  cities.  They  can  get  plenty  of 
goods  to  work  with.  •  Ships,  boats 
and  cars  often  come  loaded. 

Now  let  us  see  what  kinds  of 
work  must  be  done.  Wagons  must 


have  drivers.  Cars  cannot  run 
without  men.  Ships  need  sailors. 
Stores  and  markets  need  clerks. 
Mills  must  have  workmen. 

There  must  be  many  people  to 
tan  hides,  make  shoes,  refine  sugar, 
grind  spices,  build  houses,  make 
dishes,  make  furniture  and  handle 
coal.  All  these  people  must  have 
clothes.  They  must  have  hats, 
suits,  socks  and  many  other  things. 
The  making  of  clothing  is  the  chief 
work  in  most  of  the  great  cities. 

The  people  must  also  be  fed.  It 
takes  a  great  army  of  men  and 
women  to  feed  a  city.  Wagons 
hurry  food  to  the  homes  and  the 
hotels.  Cooks  prepare  it.  Men  and 
women  serve  it.  There  are  many 
kinds  of  work  in  a  great  city. 

Helps  :  —  Can  you  tell  why  people 
build  mills  in  cities  ? 

Name  as  many  kinds  of  work  done  in 
cities  as  you  can  think  of.  Name  some 
goods  that  city  people  make. 

Why  must  cities  make  a  great  deal 
of  clothing?  Tell  as  well  as  you  can 
where  cities  get  various  kinds  of  food. 

50.  Why  Laws  are  Made 

We  hear  people  talk  about  laws. 
Let  us  find  out  what  a  law  is,  and 
what  it  is  for. 

All  games  must  have  rules. 
There  are  rules  for  playing  ball. 


63 


The  rules  tell  how  many  may  play     us  what  our  rights  are,  and  also 
on  a  side,  where  the  bases  are,  when     what  rights  others  have. 

to 


People  vote  to  make  rules  or 
laws  that  all  must  obey.  They 
make  laws  to  punish  for  stealing 
or  setting  fire  to  a  house. 

We  obey  a  law  when  we  pay 
taxes.  We  obey  a  law  when  we 


a  player  may  run  and  when  he  is 
put  out.  We  could  not  play  ball 
without  rules. 

There  are  rules  in  hide  and 
seek,  marbles,  tag  or  catch,  and 
puss  in  the  corner.  It  is  fun  to  play 
when  all  obey  the  rules. 

Every  family  has  rules. 
There  is  an  hour  for  din- 
ner. You  know  when  you 
are  to  go  to  bed  and  when 
you  must  get  up.  You 
know  that  rough  games 
must  not  be  played  in 
the  house. 

Every  school  has  rules. 
One  rule  tells  when  school 
shall  begin.  Another  tells 
at  what  hour  it  closes. 
Rules  tell  what  you  shall 
study  each  year.    Is  there  a  rule     keep  to   the  right   in  driving  or 
telling  to  which  school  you  must     when  we  put  a  stamp  on  a  letter, 
go,  and  how  many  months   each 


Boys  on  an  island  far  across  the  Pacific  ocean.   They  are 

playing  ankle  ball.   They  kick  the  ball  with  their  ankles 

and  keep  it  going,  as  we  play  ball  with  our  hands 


year : 

We  can  make  rules  for  our 
games.  Parents  make  rules  for  the 
family.  The  teacher  and  school 
trustees  make  some  of  the  rules 
for  schools.  In  cities  boards  of  edu- 
cation make  rules  for  the  schools. 

Good  rules  help  us  to  play,  work 
and  live  in  the  best  way.  They  tell 


Helps :  —  What  game  do  you  like 
best  ?  What  are  some  of  its  rules  ? 
Can  any  game  be  played  without  rules  ? 

Of  what  use  are  rules  in  the  home  ? 
Would  you  be  glad  to  have  no  dinner 
hour  ?  If  there  were  no  rules,  when 
would  school  begin  ?  When  would  you 
have  a  vacation  ? 

What  is  a  law?  Who  make  it?  Who 
must  obey  it  ?  Without  laws,  who  would 
build  roads  ? 


64 


51.  Taxes  and  their  Uses 
All  the  people  wish  to  have  good 
schools.  All  wish  to  have  good 
roads.  They  need  police  to  keep 
order  in  the  city.  They  need  fire- 
men to  protect  their  homes  from  fire. 


These  little  folks  live  far  away  in  the  highest 

part  of  Asia,  but  they  play  hopscotch  with 

about  the  same  rules  we  have  here 

The  people  also  need  judges. 
There  must  be  jails  or  prisons  for 
men  who  commit  crimes. 

Cities  make  homes  for  very  poor 
people  and  take  care  of  them.  They 


look  after  the  blind  and  the  deaf 
and  dumb. 

There  are  hospitals  for  the  sick 
and  wounded.  People  who  are  too 
poor  to  pay  can  receive  just  as  good 
care  and  food  as  the  rich. 

We  must  not  forget  that  the 
city  makes  parks  where  we  can 
go  to  play  games  and  breathe 
fresh  air.  ^ 

It  takes  a  great  deal  of  money 
to  pay  the  bills  for  a  city.  People 
vote  to  pay  taxes  to  raise  the 
money  for  paying  such  bills.  A 
person  who  owns  very  little  pays 
a  small  tax.  A  person  who  owns 
more  pays  a  larger  tax.  This 
is  fair. 

Helps :  —  What  bills  must  be  paid 
for  schools  ? 

What  bills  must  the  city  pay  to  pro- 
tect the  homes  against  fires  ?  If  a  man's 
house  does  not  catch  fire,  ought  he  to 
pay  part  of  these  bills  ? 

Why  are  all  people  glad  to  pay  taxes 
for  the  poor,  the  blind  and  the  feeble- 
minded ?  Why  do  the  deaf  and  dumb 
need  schools  of  their  own  ? 

Find  out  all  you  can  about  the  work 
of  officers  that  serve  in  the  city  or  town 
you  live  in.  Do  the  people  elect  them  ? 
What  pay  do  they  receive  ?  How  long 
do  they  serve  ?  What  are  their  duties  ? 

Who  have  to  pay  taxes  ?  Find  out 
how  often  taxes  must  be  paid  ?  To  whom 
are  taxes  paid  ? 


WONDERS  OF  OUR  COUNTRY 


TYPE   STUDIES 


52.  Yellowstone  Park 1 


slopes  and  tumble  over  cliffs.   This 
The  western  part  of  our  country     park  belongs  to  the  whole  nation. 


has  high  mountains.   One  chain 
is  called  the  Rocky  mountains. 
It  has  many  ranges  and  groups 
of  rocky  peaks. 

In  this  chain  lies  Yellow- 
stone park.    It  is  not  like  a 
city  park,  with  little  beds 
of  flowers,  cages  for  birds, 
lily  ponds,  walks  and 
drives.  It  was  not  made 
by  man,  but  is  natural. 
It  is  a  large  tract  of 
wild  country. 

Here  are  seen 
huge  peaks  with 
many  a  crag.  Here 
also  are  deep  and 
narrow  valleys  or 
gorges  worn  in  the 
rock.  In  the  West 
such  gorges  are 
called  canyons. 

A  large  lake  and 
many  small  ones 
spread  between  the 
ranges.  Rivers  rush 


A  geyser  spouting  in  Yellowstone 
park,  in  our  country 


down  the     into    basins, 


*To  TEACHERS:  The  object  of  these  type 
studies  is  twofold  :  the  places  are  of  deep  in- 
terest ;  the  text  calls  forth  many  geographic 
terms,  —  the  alphabet  of  geography. 


It  is  to  be  saved,  for  all 
time  to  come,  as  a  land  of 
wonders. 

Here      wild     animals 
make    their    home,    free 
from    the   hunter's    gun. 
There    are    deer,    bears 
and   buffaloes,    as    well 
as  many  others. 

This  park  is  famous 
for  its  geysers  and  hot 
springs. 

Geysers  are  spout- 
ing springs  of  hot 
water.  In  places 
the  hot  water  shoots 
out  of  the  ground 
far  into  the  air.  It 
often  rises  as  high 
as  a  very  tall  tree. 
Steam  escapes  with 
a  roar.  The  ground 
trembles. 

In  some  geysers 
the  water  falls  back 
to  be  tossed  forth 
again.  In  others  it  is  blown  away 
in  a  fine  spray.  A  great  geyser 
is  a  grand  sight. 


66 


There  are  basins  that  do  not 
spout.  The  hot  water  rises  in  them 
and  forms  pools  or  hot  springs. 
These  often  overflow. 

You  have  seen  sugar  dissolve  in 
water.  Hot  water  dissolves  lime 
and  other  rock.  As  the  water  cools, 
the  rock  settles  out  of  the  water 


How  does  this  park  differ  from  a 
city  park  ?  Name  some  of  the  objects 
you  might  see  in  Yellowstone  park.  Why 
do  many  wild  animals  make  their  home 
here  ?  Name  some  of  the  animals  that 
may  be  seen  in  this  park. 

Tell  what  you  can  about  geysers. 
Tell  about  the  hot  springs.  What  do 
the  pictures  show  about  each  ? 


Mammoth  hot  springs  in  Yellowstone  park 

and  becomes  hard  again.  Thus  hot 
springs  make  the  rims  of  their 
basins.  Some  make  terraces  of 
stone,  as  shown  in  the  picture. 

This  park  is  so  large  it  takes 
several    days    to    go    through    it. 


53.  Mississippi 
River 

The  upper  end 
of  a  river  is  its 
source.  It  may 
be  a  spring,  or 
water  coming 
up  out  of  the 
ground.  It  may 
be  a  lake  or  it 
may  be  melting 
ice  or  snow. 

A  river  flows 
on  &  bed.  This  is 

the  land  under  it.  On  the  two  sides 
of  a  river  are  its  banks.  They  are 
the  sides  of  the  trough  in  which 
the  water  flows. 

In  naming  the  banks  of  a  river, 
face  down  the  stream.    On  the  right 


Then  a  person  sees  only  a  small     is  the  right  bank. 

part  of  it.  If  a  river  bed  is  very  steep,  the 

water  may  fall  over  as  a  cascade 
or  a  cataract.  A  cascade  is  a  small 


Helps:  -Where  is  Yellowstone  park? 
See  page  111.  Can  you  think  where  the 


Kocky  mountains  got  their  name 


waterfall.    A  cataract  is  large. 


67 


Some  parts  of  river  beds  slope 
so  that  the  water  flows  swiftly. 
The  swift  parts 
of  rivers  are 
rapids.  Many 
flow  so  swiftly 
that  boats  can- 
not pass  them. 
Canals,  or  deep 
channels,  may 
be  dug  past 
such  swift 
waters.  The 
boats  then 


Rivers  bring  down  mud.    Some 
form  mud  islands  at  their  mouths. 


Find  the  brook,  pond,  rapids, 
river 


go  through  the  canals.  The  lower 
end  of  a  river  is  its  mouth.  One 
river  may  flow  into  another,  or  it 
may  flow  into  a  lake  or  the  salt  sea. 


Such  mud  islands  are 
deltas. 

Often  several  rivers 
run  together  to  form 
one  river.  This  is  the 
'main  or  trunk  stream. 
The  trunk  has  other  riv- 
ers for  branches. 

A  main  river  with  all 
its  branches  is  a  river 
system.  All  the  land 
that  sends  water  to  a 
system  is  its  -basin,  or 
river  valley. 

Helps  :  —  Tell  what  each  of  these 
words  means  :  river  source,  bed,  banks, 
spring,  cascade,  cataract,  rapids,  delta, 
branch,  river  system,  river  basin. 


68 


Now  we  can  read  about  a  great  third  of  all  our  country.    In  it  are 

river  in  our  own  country.    Long  the  best  farming  lands  in  the  world, 

ago  the  Indians  named  it  the  Mis-  The  upper  part  of  the  great  river 

sissippi.    This  means  the  Father  of  has  rapids  and  falls.   Boats  cannot 

Waters.  pass  them.  But  the  falls  turn  many 

This  long  river  starts  from  wet  wheels  in  mills, 

lands  where  there  are  many  lakes.  Most  of  the  river  is  deep  enough 


Unloading  barges  on  the  bank  of  the  Ohio  river 


The  source  is  a  small  lake,  or  per- 
haps a  tiny  stream  flowing  into  it. 

This  source  is  not  far  from  the 
north  side  of  our  country.  The 
mouth  of  the  river  is  at  the  great 
gulf  of  Mexico.  It  is  an  arm  of 
the  ocean,  on  the  south  side  of  our 
country. 

The  basin  or  valley  of  this  river 
is  very  large.  It  covers  about  one 


for  large  boats .  Many  deep  branches 
also  join  the  trunk  stream.  They 
bring  water  to  make  the  river 
larger  as  it  flows  down.  In  places 
the  river  is  a  mile  wide. 

When  heavy  rains  fall  and  snow 
melts,  this  river  rises  over  parts  of 
the  low  lands  near  it.  In  places 
high  banks,  or  levees,  have  been 
built  to  keep  the  river  in  its  bed. 


69 


The  longest  branch  of  this  river 
is  the  Missouri  river.  The  word 
"Missouri"  means  muddy  water. 
The  Indians  gave  it  this  name. 

The  source  of  the  Missouri  is  in 
the  Rocky  mountains.  From  this 


this  river  ?  Where  is  its  mouth  ?  What 
is  said  about  the  size  of  its  basin  ? 

What  is  said  about  the  depth  and 
width  of  the  Mississippi  river  ? 

What  is  a  levee  ?  When,  does  the 
Mississippi  overflow  its  banks  ?  Tell 
what  you  can  about  the  Missouri  river. 


Relief  map  of  the  United  States 


source  to  the  mouth  of  the  Missis- 
sippi, the  water  flows  over  4000 
miles.  This  is  the  longest  river 
in  the  world.  We  may  call  it 
the  Missouri-Mississippi.  Later  we 
shall  read  more  about  it. 

The  longest  branch  from  the 
east  is  the  Ohio  river.  It  flows 
from  the  Eastern  highland. 

Helps  :  —  What  does  the  name  "  Mis- 
sissippi "  mean  ?  Where  is  the  source  of 


54.  Great  Lakes 

Along  the  north  or  northeast 
border  of  our  country  lies  a  row 
of  valleys  partly  filled  with  water. 
They  are  very  large  and  cover 
many  miles.  The  water  is  fresh. 

These  bodies  of  water  are  lakes. 
We  call  them  the  Great  Lakes. 
There  are  five  of  them. 

The  Great  Lakes  hold  about  half 
the  fresh  water  on  the  earth.  Large 


70 


ships  steam  about  over  them  and 
great  cities  are  growing  on  their 
shores. 

These  lakes  form  a  chain,  with 
each  lake  for  a  link.  Rivers  and 
canals  join  the  lakes,  and  ships  can 
thus  go  from  one  to  another. 

Lake  Superior  is  the  largest  of 
the  lakes.  In  fact  the  only  fresh 


Ship  canal  past  the  rapids  of  St.  Marys  river,  the  outlet  of  lake 
Superior.   Find  the  long  bridge  over  the  river 


kinds  can  pass  to  lake  Huron. 
From  this  lake  they  can  go  into 
lake  Michigan  and  reach  the  city 
of  Chicago. 

Boats  from  lake  Huron  can  also 
go  down  a  stream  to  lake  Erie. 
Then  in  a  canal  they  can  go  to 
lake  Ontario.  From  the  latter 
flows  a  long  river  to  the  ocean.  It 
is  the  St.  Law- 
rence river. 

Thus  we  see 
that  each  of 
the  five  lakes 
has  an  outlet. 
You  can  see 
why  this  name 
is  given.  It 
lets  out  water 
from  the  lake. 
A  stream  flow- 
ing into  a  lake 
or  pond  is  an 
Some  lakes  have  many 


lake  larger  than  this  in  all  the  inlet. 

world  is  Victoria,  in  Africa.  inlets. 

St.  Marys  river  flows  from  lake         Most  lakes  have  but  one  outlet. 

Superior.    This  river  flows  swiftly  It  is  at  the  foot  or  lower  end  of 

over  part  of  its  bed.    This  part  is  the  lake.    We  speak  of  the  place 

so  sloping  that  the  river  here  forms  of  the  main  inlet  as  the  head  of 

rapids.  the  lake. 

Two  large  ship  canals  are  built         The  five  lakes  are  not  only  large 

along  the  banks  of  the  St.  Marys  but  they  are  also  very  deep.    The 

river.    These  carry  ships  past  the  bottoms  of  all  but  one  are  below 

rapids.    In  this  way  boats  of  all  the  level  of  the  sea  or  ocean. 


71 


Some  lakes  are  salt.  Let  us  see 
why.  There  is  salt  in  nearly  all 
the  soil  on  the  earth,  but  in  most 
places  there  is  very  little.  Rain 
water  creeps  in  the  soil  and  takes 
up  some  of  the  salt.  In  time  it 
reaches  brooks  and  rivers.  There 
is  not  enough  salt  to  taste. 

After  a  river  has  been  flowing 
for  a  long  time  into  a  lake  that  has 
no  outlet,  it  may  carry  in  enough 
salt  to  make  a  salt  lake.  As  the 
water  of  the  lake  rises  in  the  form 
of  vapor,  the  salt  is  left  in  the 
lake. 

Salt  lakes  are  found  in  lands  of 
light  rains.  There  is  not  enough 
rain  to  fill  the  hollows  and  make 
them  overflow  to  the  sea.  If  they 
were  to  overflow,  the  salt  would 
run  out  with  the  water  and  the 
lakes  would  then  be  fresh. 

Now  we  see  why  the  Great 
Lakes  are  fresh  water.  Each  lake 
has  a  good  outlet.  The  tiny  bit  of 
salt  that  runs  in  small  rivers  into 
the  lakes  keeps  on  to  the  ocean. 

We  shall  study  a  great  deal  about 
these  lakes.  Near  their  shores  are 
mines  of  iron  and  copper,  forests, 
and  fields  of  grain. 

Helps  :  —  What  is  a  lake  ?  What  is 
a  pond  ?  Where  are  the  Great  Lakes  ? 
What  is  a  chain  of  lakes  ? 


How  can  ships  go  from  lake  to  lake  ? 
Which  is  the  largest  of  the  Great 
Lakes  ?  Name  the  largest  fresh  lake 
in  the  world. 

How  much  water  do  the  Great  Lakes 
hold  ?  How  can  ships  get  out  of  lake 
Superior  ?  Into  what  lake  do  they  then 


Arch  rock  on  the  strait  between  lakes  Huron 
and  Michigan 

sail  ?  On  what  lake  can  they  reach 
Chicago  ?  How  can  a  boat  from  lake 
Huron  reach  lake  Ontario  ?  To  what 
great  body  of  salt  water  does  lake 
Ontario  send  a  river  ? 

What  is  the  outlet  of  a  lake  ?  What 
is  an  inlet  ?  Where  is  the  foot  of  a 
lake  ?  Where  is  its  head  ? 

Tell  why  some  lakes  are  salt.  Why 
are  there  no  salt  lakes  in  rainy  lands  ? 
Tell  why  the  Great  Lakes  are  fresh. 


72 


55.  Niagara  Falls 

The  outlet  of 
lake  Erie  is  Niag- 
ara river.  It  flows 
to  lake  Ontario. 

This  river  is 
noted  for  its  great 
falls.  They  are  one 
of  the  wonders  of 
the  world. 

The  river  starts 
as  a  smooth  stream. 
In  a  few  miles  it- 
changes  to  rapids. 
Then  it  leaps  down 
into  a  deep  gorge, 
from  a  high  cliff. 
An  island  divides 
the  falls  into  two 
parts. 

The    falls    are 
three  fourths  of  a  mile  wide.   They 
show  the  size  of  the  river.    This  is 


Two  views  of  Niagara  falls 


Niagara  gorge  below  the  falls 


a  large  stream  to  run  out  of 
a  lake  day  after  day. 

The  water  leaps  down  a 
hundred  and  sixty  feet,  with 
a  roar  that  is  heard  far  away. 
At  times  huge  pieces  of 
rock  break  from  the  cliff  and 
fall  with  the  water.  Thus 
the  falls  are  slowly  moving 
back  upstream. 

Long  ago  the  falls  were 
several  miles  farther  north.  They 
fell  over  the  edge  of  a  long  bluff. 
^  Step  by  step  the  rock  has 
I  broken  under  the  falls  and 
thus  the  river  has  made  a 
long  deep  valley  or  gorge. 
On  the  side  of  the  gorge 
you  can  see  the  layers  of 
rock.  The  river  runs  far 
below. 

After  the  river  tumbles 
into  the  gorge,  the  water 
runs  smoothly  for  a  while. 


73 


Then  it  rushes  and  foams  in  rap- 
ids. Below,  it  runs  smoothly  again. 
Thus  it  flows  to  lake  Ontario. 

No  one  knows  how  old  the  falls 
are.  The  rock  breaks  away  very 
slowly.  The  work  must  have  gone 
on  for  thousands  of  years. 

People  from  many  parts  of  the 
world  visit  these  great  falls.  They 
like  to  watch  the  great  wall  of  wa- 
ter tumbling  into  the  deep  gorge. 
They  like  to  hear  the  roar  and  see 
the  clouds  of  mist  rise.  They  like 
also  to  think  of  the  mighty  work 
done  by  the  river,  in  cutting  the 
great  gorge. 

This  is  one  of  the  rivers  that 
give  power  to  mills.  Part  of  the 
water  above  the  falls  is  led  into 
great  tubes  where  it  strikes  wheels. 
These  turn  swiftly  and  give  the 
power. 

The  wheels  turn  electric  ma- 
chines. They  make  electricity.  This 
is  led  far  away  on  wires  to  many 
cities  and  towns.  There  it  is  used 
to  run  cars,  light  houses,  run  mills, 
and  do  other  kinds  of  work.  It 
would  take  thousands  of  horses  to 
do  as  much  work  as  the  water 
pouring  down  the  long  tubes. 

After  the  water  turns  the  wheels 
it  runs  back  into  the  river  below 
the  falls. 


Helps  :  —  Where  is  Niagara  river  ? 
Between  what  lakes  does  it  flow  ?  Which 
of  these  lakes  is  the  higher  ? 

How  wide  are  the  falls  ?  How  high 
are  they  ?  How  do  the  falls  move  very 


Copyright,  U 

Machines  for  making  electricity  at  Niagara 
falls.   They  are  run  by  water  power 

slowly  upstream  ?  How  was  the  long 
gorge  made  ? 

W^hat  becomes  of  the  river  below  the 
falls  ?  What  is  said  about  the  age  of 
these  falls  ?  Why  do  people  visit  them  ? 

WThat  use  is  made  of  part  of  the  water 
of  Niagara  river  ? 


74 


56.  The  Prairies  bunted  while  the  squaws  planted 

West    and    southwest    of    the  corn. 

Great  Lakes  are  rich  farm  lands.  Trees  grew  along  the  rivers  and 

They  are  the  best  corn  and  wheat  in  some  other  places.    But  most  of 


lands   in   the    world..    They   also 
have  the  most  cattle. 

These  rich  lands  are  called 
prairies.  The  word  means  mead- 
ows. They  are  fertile  plains. 


Where  the  Indian  hunted  deer  the  white  man  tills  the  soil.  This 
picture  shows  a  steam  gang  plow  turning  over  soil  in  the  prairies 


the  area  was  a  sea  of  grass.  Fires 
often  swept  over  the  fields.  The 
animals  fled  for  their  lives.  Then 
when  the  green  grass  grew,  they 
came  back  to  feed. 

Now  all  is  changed. 
The  deer  have  been 
killed  or  driven  away. 
Only  a  few  buffaloes 
are  alive  and  these 
are  kept  in  parks.  In 
the  great  grassy  area 
are  now  many  farms. 
Towns  and  cities  have 
taken  the  place  of 
Indian  villages. 

Where  the  red  man 
hunted,  the  white  man 
tends    cattle,    sheep 
and  horses.    The  In- 
runner  used  to   carry  news 
Now  the  news 


Page  22  shows  a  harvest  of  wheat  dian 

on  the  prairies.  from  tribe  to  tribe. 

Long  ago  no  white  men  lived  flashes  along  wires, 

in  the  prairies.    No  wheat   grew  All  over  the  prairies,  trains  of 

here  and  not  a  cow,  sheep,  horse  cars  gather  up  products  where  long 

or  hen  was  to  be  seen.    But  there  ago  the  prairie  fires  swept.    Such 

were    many    deer,    buffaloes    and  is  the  change  made  by  the  white 

wild  turkeys.  man.    And  people  are  still  living, 

Tribes  of  Indians  had  villages  who  have  seen  most  of  this  great 

in  the  rich  lands.    The  red   men  change  in  the  prairies. 


75 


Helps  :  —  Where  are  the  prairies  ? 
Name  some  of  the  products. 

Tell  about  the  prairies  before  the 
coming  of  the  white  man.  Tell  what 
changes  have  taken  place. 

57.  Mammoth  Cave  and  Natural 
Bridge 

We  have  read  that  water  can  dis- 
solve the  rock  called  lime-  

stone.  Of  course 
it  does  this  work 
very  slowly. 

In  places  there 
are  thick  beds  of 
limestone  in  the 
ground.  Water 
may  slowly  take 
up  this  rock  and 
run  away  with  it.  | 
In  this  way  the 
water  may  make 
great  caves. 

Mammoth  cave 
is  one  of  the  most 
noted.  "Mam- 
moth" means 
very  large. 

The  map  on 
page  111  shows 


Caverns  of  Luray 


up  from  the  floors.  The  dripping 
water  formed  them,  by  leaving 
lime  above  and  below. 

Blind  fish  are  found  in  water 
in  the  great  cave.  Even  if  they 
had  eyes  they  could  not  see,  for 
the  cave  is  very  dark.  Perhaps 
the  first  fish  there  had  eyes.  But 
long  ages  passed.  The 
eyes  were  not 

&  'ill  USed*  As  little  fish 
grew  and  died, 

the  eyes  lost  more 
and  more  of  their 
sight,  till  at  last 
only  scars  showed 
where  eyes  used 
to  be. 

Our  country 
has  several  large 
caves.  Some  are 
called  caverns. 
The  caverns  of 
Luray  (page  111] 
are  noted  for  both 
size  and  beauty. 

In  some  places 
the  roofs  of  caves 
have  fallen.  If 


where  this  cave  is.  It  runs  for 
miles  in  the  ground.  Some  parts 
widen  into  great  rooms. 

In  places  forms  like  icicles  hang 
down  from  the  roof.    Others  rise 


parts  of  the  roof  stand,  they  may 
form  stone  arches.  One  of  these  is 
known  as  the  Natural  bridge.  A 
small  stream  flows  under  it,  along 
what  was  once  the  floor  of  a  cave. 


76 


Helps :  —  How  are  some  eaves  formed  ? 
Tell  what  you  can  about  Mammoth  cave. 

Give  another  name  for  cave.  In  what 
part  of  our  country  are  the  caverns  of 
Luray  ?  For  what  are  they  noted  ?  Tell 
how  the  Natural  bridge  was  formed. 

58.  Grand  Canyon 

We  have  read  that  in  the 
West  a  deep  gorge  is  a  canyon. 
There  are  many  deep  can- 
yons in  our  country.    They 
were  worn  by  rivers. 

There  are  many  high 
plains  between  the  Rocky 
mountains  and  the  Sierra 
Nevada.  These  plains  are 
rough  and  many  ranges  rise 
in  them.  Such  high  plains 
are  called  plateaus. 

Rivers  wear  deep  canyons 
in  the  plateaus.  Some  have 
been  worn  by  the  Colorado 
river.  Here  we  find  the 
Grand  canyon,  the  most 
noted  in  the  world. 

In  places  this  canyon  is 
about  a  mile  deep.  Its  sides 
are  rocks  of  many  colors. 
There  are  gray,  brown,  red,          NATL 
yellow    and    purple.    You 
should  see  them  at  sunrise  or  sunset. 
First  one  color  and  then  another 
catches  the  light.  Parts  of  the  walls 
of  this  canyon  are  made  of  marble. 


Branches  of  the  river  have  also 
cut  deep  canyons.  In  some  of  these 
are  found  ruins  of  strange  homes. 
They  are  in  caves  in  the  cliffs. 


All  but  this  part  of  a  cave  roof  fell 

The  Indians  who  made  these 
homes  were  not  here  when  the 
white  men  came.  We  call  them 
Cliff-dwellers.  We  do  not  know 


77 


Grand  canyon  of  the  Colorado 

river  and   homes    of    the    old 

Cliff-dwellers 


where  they  went.  Per- 
haps they  were  all  killed 
by  other  warlike  Indi- 
ans of  the  plateaus. 

The  homes  were  built 
in  caves  in  the  cliffs  to 
be  safe  from  attack.  In 
some  of  the  caves  are 
found  bones  of  the  peo- 
ple and  seme  of  their 
cloth  and  clay  dishes. 

Helps:  — Tell  about  the 
Grand  canyon.  See  page 
111.  Tell  about  the  Cliff- 
dwellers. 


78 


59.  Yosemite  and  the  Big  Trees 

The  word  "nevada"  means snoivy. 
"  Sierra "  means  a  range  lookiw/ 
like  saivteeth. 

Far  west  of  the  Rocky  mountains 
is  a  high  range  called  the  Sierra 


In  places  cliffs  rise  half  a  mile  into 
the  air. 

Pretty  streams  flow  to  the  edge 
of  the  deep  valley  and  tumble  over. 
In  the  wet  months  one  small  river 
falls  a  fourth  of  a  mile  and  then 


Yosemite  valley,  California,  on  the  west  slope  of  the  Sierra  Nevada 


Nevada.  Can  you  think  why  the 
name  was  given  to  it  ? 

This  range  is  not  far  from  the 
shore  of  the  Pacific  ocean.  It  is 
famous  for  gold.  Seepage  ill. 

On  the  west  slope  of  this  range 
lies  the  Yosemite  valley.  It  is  very 
deep  and  its  sides  are  very  steep. 


winds  down  the  valley.  In  summer 
it  often  dries  up. 

Many  people  visit  this  valley 
to  see  the  grand  sights. 

Heavy  rains  reach  the  west 
slope  of  the  Sierra.  They  come 
in  winds  from  the  ocean.  This 
slope  has  large  forests. 


79 


Here  are  found  the  famous  big 
trees.  Some  are  over  a  thousand 
years  old,  —  perhaps  three  thou- 
sand. They  were  growing  before 
a  white  man  ever  saw  the  land 
we  live  in.  They  had  stood  for 
long  ages  before  Columbus  saw 
America. 

Some  of  these  trees  are  over 
three  hundred  feet  high.  They 
are  the  largest 
trees  known  in 
the  world.  The 
log  cabin  looks 
small  at  the 
foot  of  the  tree 
in  the  picture. 

Helps:— What 
does  the  name 
"Sierra  Nevada" 
mean  ?  Where  is 
this  high  range  ? 

Where  is  the 
Yosemite  valley? 
Tell  all  you  can  about  this  deep  valley. 

On  which  slope  of  the  Sierra  do  heavy 
rains  fall  ?  Why  ?  Why  does  this  slope 
have  forests  ?  Tell  about  the  big  trees. 


Coal  is  made  of  plants  that  grew 
long  ages  ago.  Most  of  the  plants 
were  ferns  and  mosses.  They  were 
as  large  as  trees  and  grew  in  wet 
lands  or  swamps. 

Year  after  year 'the  plants  grew 
and  died  in  shallow  water.  They 
made  thick  beds  of  dead  plants. 
At  times  rivers  buried  them  under 
thick  layers  of  mud  or  sand. 


60.  Underground  Wonders 

Coal  is  found  in  layers  of  rocks. 
In  some  places  it  is  near  the  sur- 
face. In  other  places  deep  mines 
are  dug  to  reach  it. 


Some  of  the  famous  big  trees  of  California 

Then  more  plants  grew.  As  they 
died  they  made  another  bed.  More 
mud  and  sand  came  down  and 
buried  them. 

After  long  ages  the  mud  or  clay 
and  the  sand  turned  to  stone.  The 
clay  became  slate.  The  sand  be- 
came sandstone.  In  the  stone  the 
beds  of  plants  slowly  grew  hard 
and  made  coal. 


80 


Some  coal  beds  are  only  a  few     highlands  both  in  the  East  and  in 


inches  thick.  Others  are  many  feet 
thick.  The  forms  of  ferns  and 
mosses  are  still  seen  in  coal  and 
in  slate.  The  picture  shows  some 
of  the  old  ferns  that  made  coal. 


the  West.  The  best  mines  are  in 
the  East.  Here  are  found  both 
soft  coal  and  hard  coal. 

There  are   also   coal    mines    in 
the  prairies.   Soft  coal  comes  from 
them. 

Let  us  visit  a  hard- 
coal  mine.  It  is  in  the 
Eastern  highland  of 
our  country.  Here  are 
the  best  mines  of  hard 
coal  in  the  world. 

A  great  hole  or  shaft 
has  been  sunk  hun- 
dreds of  feet  in  the 
ground.  This  hole  is 
to  lower  men  to  work, 
hoist  out  coal,  pump 
out  water  and  pump 
in  air. 

Such  a  mine  is  like 
any  deep  well.  Water 
may  run  into  it  from 
cracks  or  seams  in  the 
rocks  and  also  from 
Some  of  the  beds  of  rock  and     the  loose  ground.   Pumps  must  be 
coal  have  been  bent  up  to  form     kept  going,  or  the  mine  will  fill 
hills    and    mountains.    In    places     with  water. 

they  are  deeply  worn  by  rain  and  Men  drill  holes  in  the  hard  coal 
rivers,  so  that  the  coal  is  at  or  and  blast  it  with  powder.  This 
near  the  surface.  makes  smoke  that  is  bad  to  breathe. 

Our  country  has  very  rich  coal     Foul  gases  also  come  out  of  the 
mines.     Coal    is    found    in    the     coal.     Some    catch   fire,   explode, 


Some  of  the  beds  of  rock  have  been  bent.  Parts  have  been 
worn  away  by  rain  and  rivers 


81 


and  kill  miners.  Another  gas  often 
chokes  miners  to  death. 

Now  do  you  see  why  engines 
keep  pumping  air  into  mines  ?   It  is 


Off  the  track,  please!  Here 
comes  a  mule  hauling  a  car  of 
coal.  This  is  ready  to  be  hoisted 
out  of  the  mine. 

to  blow  out  the  bad  gases  and  give         Let  us  go  in.    We  could  follow 

the  miners  fresh  air  to  breathe,     the  tunnels  for  miles  and  miles, 

Let  us  go  down     ^sfijjp~ — >^  but  we  need  not 

into   the   mine.    ^|  ^  go  so  far.  Here 

y^^^H  v^.  ;•        :  ^^•^^*s)nr  J^wmvv    .rC\     mmtjB 

Put    on    this 

rubber  coat, 

for  the  mine 

is  a  damp 

one.  Water 

drips  in  it. 

And  put  on 

this  cap  with 

a  little  light  on 

it,  for  we  shall 

go  into  some 

dark  places. 

Round    the 

light  is  a  fine 

wire    screen. 

Gases  cannot 

catch    on    fire 

through  such  a 

screen.   This  is 

a  safety  lamp.    It  is  very  useful.        is  a  little  side  tunnel  where  men 

Now  step  into  the  elevator,  are  at  work.  They  are  drilling  a 
Down  we  go  nearly  a  quarter  of  hole.  In  this  they  will  put  powder 
a  mile,  —  down,  down,  down.  and  a  piece  of  fuse.  You  know  what 

Here  we  are  at  the  bottom.  We     the  fuse  of  a  firecracker  is. 
step  out  into  a  long  tunnel.     It         Now  it  is  ready.    Touch  off  the 
has  electric  lights.  fuse.  "  Fire ! "  shouts  a  man  and  we 


In  this  building  the  coal  is  sorted  to  sizes  and  loaded  on  cars.  The  boys 

above  are  picking  slate  out  of  the  coal  as  it  runs  down  the  chutes.  The 

plants  shown  above  are  coal  ferns 


82 


all  run  back.  Bang  !  goes  the  blast,  Do  you  see  the  boys  in  the  pic- 
and  we  hear  the  coal  rattle  down,  ture  on  page  81  ?  They  are  pick- 
Enough  has  fallen  to  keep  two  men  ing  slate  out  of  coal  as  it  runs  by 
busy  for  the  rest  &Jfom  them.  The  hard 

of  the  day.    They  coal  comes  up  in 

will  load  it  on  the  lumps.    These  are 

cars,  and  mules  will  "^MM^^^^^^      broken  up  and  the 

drag  it  away.  '^^^^^^^p^^^^^^ll          coal  sorted  to  sizes. 

Here  is  a  small        ^^^^^^^S^S^^^^T        ^ne  s^e  w^  no^ 
boy   sitting   by   a  burn,  and  must  be 

large  door.  "What  A  pretty  sea  urchin  taken  out.     Then 


are  you  here  for,  little  man?  How 
long  have  you  been  here  ?  " 

"  I  come  every  morning,"  he 
says,  "  and  stay  all  day.  My  work 
is  to  stay  here  all  alone  in  the 
dark  and  open  and  close  this  door 
for  the  mule  cars.  I  close  it  to 
turn  fresh  air  into  tunnels  where 
men  are  working." 

We  go  on,  but  for  days  we  think 
of  the  little  hero 
sitting  in  the  dark, 
while  other  children 
play  games  out  in 
the  sunshine.  Think  ^S^^^Mfil  61.  Sea  Wonders 

of    him    when    you    ^(r  \  ty|^j^^^^*S3^          There    are    won- 
warm    your    hands       ^s^       "  A     ders  m  the  sea  as 

before  a  bright  coal  ^^S^^^^       ^^^     we^  as  on  the  land- 

fire.    Think  also  of  ^CIL — ssss^'  Strange   fish    and 

the  men  who  work  Odd  life  from  sea  bottom  pretty  corals   and 

hard  to  get  out  the  coal.  sponges   grow  in   the   sea.      You 

Now  we  will  go  out  of  the  mine     can  see  three  of  them  on  page  41. 
and  see  what  becomes  of  the  coal.     Here  are  others. 


the  coal  runs  into  cars  and  is 
shipped  away. 

Helps  :  —  What  is  coal  made  of  ?  Tell 
how  it  is  formed  in  the  ground.  What 
kinds  of  stone  often  form  beds  above 
and  below  coal  ? 

What  is  said  about  the  coal  mines  of 
our  country  ?  What  two  kinds  of  coal 
are  named  ? 

Tell  all  you  can  about  the  visit  to 
the  coal  mine.    What  is  done  with  the 
coal  after  it  comes  from 
the  mine?    Have  you 
ever  seen  slate  ? 


83 


Coral  grows  on  the  sea  bottom.         Waves  break  off  pieces  of  coral 
It   grows   best  in  clear  water  in     and  wash  them  on  top  of  the  rest. 


the  warm  parts  of  the  sea. 

The  coral  you  have  seen 
is  hard.  But  when  growing 
it  has  tiny  soft  spots.  They 
are  living  bodies.  Each  one 
has  a  mouth  and  a  stomach. 
The  food  comes  from  the 
salt  sea  water. 

The  soft  part  is  a  polyp. 
The  hard  part  is  coral. 

Some  coral  grows  like 
trees.  The  polyp  sends  out 
buds  that  form  branches. 


Sponge  from 
sea  bottom 


Each  storm  sends  up  more, 
till  the  bank  is  above  the 
water.  In  this  way  coral 
islands  grow  in  the  sea. 

The  waves  soon  grind 
some  of  the  coral  to  dust 
and  thus  make  soil.  Sea 
plants  float  to  the  new 
shore.  They  decay  and  mix 
with  the  coral  soil. 

Seeds  also  drift  to  the  new 
land.  Plants  soon  spring 
up.  Now  the  coral  island  is 


The  polyps  on  the  branches  bud  ready  for  man  to  come  and  make 

again,    and    thus    a    coral   forest  it  his  home. 

grows.   The  soft  polyps  die  and  are         Sponges  also  are  hard  parts  of 

washed    away.     The  coral,  little  creatures  that  grow  at  the 


or  hard  part,  is  left 
standing. 

Many  polyps  work 
to  make  the  little 
pieces  of  coral  you 
see.  Each  polyp  looks 
like  a  wee  flower.  It 
may  be  red,  pink, 
yellow  or  brown. 

Polyps  lay  eggs  in 
the  water  and  they 

float  about.    If  they         Coral  from  the  sea  bottom 
reach   a  hard    bottom   in   clear 


bottom  of  the  sea. 
When  a  sponge  is 
wet  it  feels  soft. 

Many  people  gain 
a  living  from  the  sea. 
Some  sail  on  ships. 
Others  catch  fish. 
Others  gather  corals 
and  sponges. 


Helps :  —  Where  does 
coral  grow  ?  What  is  a 
polyp  ?  Tell  all  you  can 
about  the  growth  of  coral. 
warm  water,  they  start  a  new  Tell  how  a  coral  island  may  form  in 
coral  forest.  the  sea.  Where  do  sponges  grow  ? 


GIRLS  AND  BOYS  OF  OTHER  LANDS 


TYPE  STUDIES 

62.  The  Black  People l  w^  him  have  the  same  color  and 

The  home  of  the  black  people     the  same  kind  of  hair. 

is  far  away.    It  lies  to  the  south-         Let  us  watch  them  make  a  play 

east,  across  the  ocean. 

We  call  it  Africa. 
This    land    is   very 

large.    It    has    great 

deserts,  or  dry  places, 

and  also  long  riv- 
ers, grassy  plains 

and  wide   forests. 

The  largest  river, 

near    the    middle 

of  Africa,   is  the 

Kongo.  In  its  great 

valley   live   many 

of  the  black  people. 


See  page  115. 

Here  is  a  black 
boy.  His  face  shines 
like  coal  and  his  hair 
is  woolly.  The  girls 
and  boys  that  play 

1  To  TEACHERS  :  These 
lessons  are  type  studies 
of  the  races,  and  also  aim 
to  picture  the  relation  of 
man  to  climate  and  other 
strong  physical  conditions. 


Black  people  of  Africa  carrying 
elephant's  tusks  to  the  coast 


hut.    It  will  be  just  like 
the  one  they  sleep  in. 
They  break  off  strong 
reeds  and  set  them 
up  in  a  circle  in  the 
ground.   Then  they 
tie  others  on  top  to 
make  a  roof.    They 
have  no  string,  but 
use  long  grasses. 

Now  the  boys  tie 
This  is  not  the  time  for  a  complete  study  of     bunches  of  grass  all  over  the  reeds 

the  continents,  but  as  each  group  of  people  is      and    the   hut    ig   done      A      kce    is 
studied,  the  teacher  can  locate  it  upon  one  of  L    . 

the  maps  at  the  end  of  this  book.  left    for  a    door  but  there  is    no 

84 


85 


window.  The  hut  has  no  chimney, 
for  the  fire  is  built  outdoors.  This 
is  a  hot  land.  The  girls  and  boys 


Some  of  the  wild 
animals    of    Cen- 
tral Africa 

never  saw  snow 
or  ice.    Most  of 
the    time    they 
sleep  out  on  the 
ground. 

Now  they  are  making  little 
things  for  the  hut.  The  girls  are 
weaving  a  mat  out  of  grass  for  a 
bed.  The  boys  are  shaping  dishes 
of  wet  clay.  They 
will  bake  the  clay. 
in  a  fire  and  make 
it  hard. 

The  hut  is  ready. 
The  bed  is  made. 
The  dishes  are  bak- 
ing. Now  for  some 
games !  One  boy 
beats  on  a  hollow 
log  for  a  drum  and 
the  others  dance. 
They  can  keep  time 
well.  They  sing,  Rapids  of  the 


roar  like  lions  and  chirp  like 
birds.  Now  they  run  off  to  play 
a  game  of  ball. 

The  boys  like  to  hunt 
in  the  woods.  They 
go  off  with 
bows    and 
arrows  and 
drive  away 
the  little  mon- 
keys that  come  to 
steal  corn  from  the 
fields. 

In  the  woods  the  boys 
may    see    large    animals. 
There  are  lions  and  elephants. 
Now  and  then  they  see  a  hippo- 
potamus in  the  river. 

The  girls  help  their  mothers. 
They  pound  corn  between  stones 
and  make  meal  for 
porridge.  They  help 
make  cloth.  You 
could  never  guess 
how  they  make  the 
cloth.  They  soak 
long  strips  of  bark 
in  water.  Then 
they  pound  them  till 
they  are  soft.  When 
the  bark  is  dry  they 
give  it  to  the  father 
and  he  makes  it 
Kongo  river  into  clothes. 


86 


Supper  is  ready.  Here  are  r 
eggs,  fresh  fish  and  porridge. 
Isn't  that  a  good  supper  for 
the  little  black  people  of  the 
Kongo  ?  Often  they  have  meat 
of  wild  animals  to  eat.  When 
they  wish  sweet  food  they  eat 
sugar  cane.  They  have  bana- 
nas also,  and  dates. 

As  a  rule,  all  go  to 
bed  at  dark,  for  there 
are  no  lamps. 

If  one  of  these  black 
boys  came  to  our  home, 
how  many  new  things 
we  could  show  him ! 
How  a  horse  would 
scare  him,  or  a  sheep, 
or  a  pig !  He  would 
run  from  the  cars,  and 
his  eyes  would  almost 
jump  out  of  his  head  if  he  saw  a  They  never  saw  a  book  or  a  pic- 


Among  the  black  people 

x  A*  • 
of  Africa 


Si, 


boy  riding  on  a  common  bicycle. 

How  strange  a 
snowstorm  would 
look  to  him,  and 
what  fun  for  him 
to  ride  the  first 
time  on  a  sled  or 
bob! 

The  black  girls 
and  boys  deep  in 
the  Kongo  forests 

have    no    schools.    "  Taking  a  ride 


ture.    But  they   have 
many    strange    things 


seen 
that 
we  have  never  seen. 

These  black  people  are 
Negroes.  Some  have  been 
taken  away  from  their  homes 
in  Africa  and  sold  as  slaves. 
All  the  black  people  in  our 
land  are  free. 

North  of  the  Kongo  the 
Negroes  have  built  large 
towns.  They  have  many 


87 


camels  and  often  cross 
the  desert  of  Sahara 
with  them.  They  carry 
ostrich  feathers  and 
tusks  of  elephants,  salt 
and  the  gums  of  trees. 
These  they  sell  to  the 
white  people  north  of 
the  desert. 

South  of  the  Kongo 
are  other  black  people. 
They  make  garden 
tools  and  weapons  of 
copper  and  iron.  They 
have  cattle  and  raise 
large  crops  of  corn. 

Here  are  also  the  lit- 
tle black  people  called 
Hottentots.  They  live 
in  tents  and  dress 
in  the  skins  of  ani- 
mals. The  women 
do  all  the  hard 
work.  They  have 
dishes  of  baked 
clay,  and  spoons 
and  pans  of  turtle 
shell. 

Many  white  peo- 
ple live  in  the  far 
south  and  north 
of  Africa,  as  well 
as  in  towns  along 
the  seacoast.  But 


r 


Negress  of  Africa 


Carrying  a  Negro  baby 


middle    Africa  is   the    land    of 
the  black  people. 

Helps  :  —  What  land  is  the  home  of 
the  'black  people  ?  Where 
is  it  ?  Name  one  of  its 
large  rivers. 

Tell  how  the  little  black 
folks  make  a  playhouse. 
What  did  they  make  to 
put  in  the  hut  ? 

Tell  about  the  games 
of  the  little  black  people. 
Name  some  animals  they 
see.  Name  some  plants 
they  see. 

What  kind  of  work  do 
the  girls  do  ?  How  is  the 
cloth  made  ?  Name  some 
of  the  kinds  of  food  they 
have. 

What  do  you  have  that 
the  savage  black  boys 
do  not  have  ?  WThat 
is  a  slave  ? 

Tell  what  you  can 
about  the  black  peo- 
ple that  live  far  north 
of  the  Kongo  valley. 
Name  some  products 
they  sell  to  white 
people. 

What  is  said  about 
the  black  people  south 
of  the  Kongo?  Tell 
what  you  can  about 
the  little  Hottentots. 
In  what  parts  of 
Africa  do  white  peo- 
ple live  ? 


88 


63.    The  Red  People 

Here  is  an  odd  cradle. 
It  is  made  of  a  piece  of 
board  wrapped  in  cloth. 
There  are  pretty  beads 
on  the  cloth. 

Day  after  day  the  cradle 
swings  here,  and  in  it  is  a 
baby  with  black  eyes.  Its 
hair  is  straight  and  its 
skin  red-brown.  It  is  an 
Indian  baby. 

This  red  baby  lives  in 
our  own  land.  Others  live 
in  lands  far  south  of  ours. 
When  the  baby's  fingers 

are  strong;  he  will  shoot    An  Indian  bab?  in  its 

.,,,,  -,  cradle 

with  the  bow  and  arrow. 

Here  is  an  Indian  boy  with  his 
bow.    He  is  the  son 
of  a  chief  or  head- 
man of  a  tribe. 

This  red  boy       u 
lives  in  a  tent. 
He    can    run 
races,  wrestle, 
swim,    play 
ball,  hunt  and 
fish.    He  can 
also  ride    the 
swiftest  pony 
and    hunt    small 
wolves    like    the    one 
shown   in  this  picture.          Small  wolf 


Indian  girls  stay  at 
home  and  work.  They 
cook,  and  hoe  the  corn. 
They  help  to  skin  the  ani- 
mals their  fathers  kill. 
When  moving  camp,  the 
girls  help  take  down  and 
put  up  the  tents.  They 
also  help  to  carry  the 
tents  and  kettles  from 
place  to  place. 

Indian  girls  find  some 
time  for  play.  They  are 
very  fond  of  dolls.  Of 
course  you  know  what 
kind  of  cradles  they  make. 
They  use  little  tents  for 
playhouses. 

Let  us  visit  an  Indian 
camp  in  the  evening. 
Here  is  a  big  drum. 
It  is  made  out  of  a 
hollow  log.  The 
drum  beats  and 
red  men  come 
out   to   dance. 
At    first    they 
move  slowly. 
Then  the  drum 
beats    faster. 
The  men  keep 
time.    Faster 
they    go,    and 
swifter     still, 


89 


bark  and  shoes  of  soft  deerskin. 

Helps  :  —  How  is  the  red  baby's  cradle 
made  ?    How  does  the  baby  look  ? 

Find  out  what  a  tribe  is.    Find  out 


yelling  as  if  they  were  fighting.         The  red  men  taught  the  pale 

The  boys  look  on  and  are  happy,     faces  how  to  make  canoes  of  birch 

Some  day  they  will  have  the  same 

dance.    To-night    they    will    hear 

long  stories.  Then  they  will  go  to 

their  tents  and  dream  of  the  time 

when  they  will  be  in  battles. 

Some  Indians  live  in  tents. 
Others  have  good  houses  made  of 
wood,  brick  or  stone.  These  have 
herds  of  cattle  and  fields  of  grain. 

The  red  men  used  to  use  clubs, 


Indians  and  their  tents.   Above  is  an  Indian  boy,  son  of  a  chief 


tomahawks,     bows     and     arrows,     what  a  chief  is.    What  games  does  the 

red  boy  learn  to  play  ? 

Tell  about  the  work  of  the   Indian 
girls. 


Now  they  have  rifles.  Most  of 
them  are  good  riders.  They  like 
to  ride  ponies  without  saddles. 

Most  of  the  Indians  in  the  world 
live  in  lands  far  south  of  us. 


What  kinds  of  homes  do  the  red 
men  live  in  ?  What  weapons  do  they 
know  how  to  use  ?  What  did  the  red 
men  teach  the  white  men  ? 


90 


64.  The  Yellow  People 

To-day  we  will  visit  the  little 
yellow  people  of  Japan.  Their 
home  is  far  to  the  west, 
across    the    sea.    They 
live  on  islands  east  of 
Asia.  See  map  on  page  114. 

The  girls  and  boys  of  Japan 
have  round  faces.  Their  black 
eyes  are  slanting.  Their  skin 
is  brownish  yellow. 

It  will  puzzle  you  at  first 
to  know  which  are  the  boys, 
for  they  dress  nearly  like  the 
girls.    Look  closely  and  you 
will  see  that  the  boys'  heads 
are  shaved  almost  bare.    The 
girls'  hair  is  twisted  into  all 
sorts  of  odd  shapes. 
.    What  large    sleeves !     Let 
us  look  inside  one  of  them. 
It  is  used  as  a  pocket,  and  here 
are   dolls,  tops,   small    kites    and 
other  toys  tucked  into  it. 

How  would  you  like  to  wear  a 
pair  of  their  shoes  ? 
They  are  simply 
wooden  soles  tied 
on.  The  shoes  are 
not  worn  in  the 
house.  They  are 
slipped  off  at  the 
door. 

The  children  of 


Japan  have  a  "  doll  day."    Every 
girl  has  a  set  of  dolls.    They  are 


Japanese  houses 


Scenes  in  Japan 

made  to  look  like  real  live  people. 
The  dolls  have  tiny  wooden  pil- 
lows, soft  mats  and  tea  sets.     On 
this  happy  day  the  whole  land  is 
alive  with  dolls. 

'  Then  there  is 
"  flag  day  "  for  the 
boys.  They  play 
with  dolls  dressed 
like  soldiers.  Here 
are  armies  of  dolls, 
with  flags,  guns 
and  swords.  At 


91 


this   time   the    boys    hear   stories 
about  war. 

In  Japan  the  streets  are  lined 
with  toy  shops.  Men  on  the  street 
make  animals  .out  of  rice  paste. 
The  girls  and  boys  call  out  the 
names  as  soon  as  they  guess  what 
he  is  making.  They  know  the 
monkey,  wolf  and  bear,  but  do  a  tray  that  stands  on 
not  know  the  sheep,  short  legs.  In  some 
Here  is  a  man  houses  you  would  see 


terns,   kites,   hats,   cups,   napkins 
and  many  other  things. 

There  are  no  chairs 
in  the  house.  All  sit 
on  mats  of  cloth  or 
straw.  There  is  no 
table,  but  the  tea  and 
rice  will  be  served  on 


How  the  baby 
sister  sleeps 


who  rents  an  oven 
to  the  little  folks. 
He  gives  them  bat- 
ter and  they  can 
cook  and  eat  little 
cakes.  The  man  also 
sells  cakes  spread 
with  fish. 

Have  you  found 
out  what  the  girls 
have  on  their  backs  ? 


meat,  fish,  beans  and 
a  grain  called  millet. 
Our  little  friends 
eat  with  chopsticks. 
These  are  two  slender 
sticks  of  wood  or 
ivory.  They  take  the 
place  of  a  spoon  or 
fork.  You  would  find 


Japanese  boy 
on  stilts 


it  hard  to  get  the  rice  into  your 
mouth  with  the  chopsticks. 
They  wash  to  play  but  must  take  Peep  into  this  workshop.  Here 
care  of  the  babies.  The  girls  tie  is  a  man  making  pretty  vases  of 
the  babies  upon  their  backs  and  clay.  Another  is  carving  ivory, 
run  out  to  play.  Near  by  is  a  room  in  which  soft 

Let  us  go  into  one  of  the  houses,     silk  is  being   woven   into   costly 


It  is  made  of 
bamboo  and  has 
wide  eaves.  See 
the  things  made 
of  paper !  Here 
are  paper  doors, 
paper  fans,  lan- 


Pleasure  boat  on  one  of  the  short  rivers 
of  Japan 


cloth. 

Now  let  us  go 
out  in  the  coun- 
try. Jump  into 
this  cart  and  a 
man  will  run 
with  us  like  a 


pony.  Here  is  bamboo  growing. 
It  looks  like  tall  corn.  Many  of 
the  houses  are  made  of  bamboo. 


One  of  the  many  temples  in  Japan 

We  pass  wet  fields  of  rice  and 
hills  green  with  tea  plants.  We 
stop  to  watch  the  girls  feeding 
silkworms.  To  us  this  is  a  land 
of  wonders. 

Some  of  the  sports 
of  the  girls  and  boys 
of  Japan  are  like 
your  own.  They  ^ 

spin  tops,  walk  on 
stilts,  fly  kites,  roll 


marbles  and  at 
times  throw  snow- 
balls. 

The  little  people 
of  Japan  are  clean. 
They  bathe  in  tubs 
of  very  hot  water  just  before  going 
to  bed.  They  often  have  two  or 
three  baths  a  day,  to  keep  cool. 


Japanese  raincoats 


In  this  land  are  many  temples. 
Round  them  are  gardens  of  flowers. 
Let  us  follow  the  girls  and  boys 
to  one  of  the  temples.  They  leave 
their  shoes  or  clogs  at  the  door, 
go  in  and  clap  their  hands  softly. 
Then  they  go  out  and  play  among 
the  flowers. 

Not  far  from  Japan  is  the  great 
land  of  China.  Many  yellow  peo- 
ple live  there.  We  shall  read  more 
about  them  later. 

Helps  :  —  Where  is  Japan  ?  What  is 
the  color  of  the  people  there  ? 

Tell  about  the  boys'  hair.  What  may 
be  carried  in  the  sleeves  ?  What  kind 
of  shoes  do  the  little  folks  wear  ? 

Tell  about  doll  day.  Tell  about  flag 
day.  Tell  of  some  of  the  sights  you 
might  see  along  the  streets. 

Tell  what  you  might 
see  in  a  house  in  Japan. 
Can  you  name  some 
things  the  people  of 
Japan  eat  and  drink  ? 
What  are  chopsticks  ? 
Tell  what  you  might 
see  in  a  workshop. 
Name  some  of  the 
plants  that  grow  in 
Japan.  Of  what  use 
are  silkworms  ? 

Name   some  of  the 
sports  in  Japan.    Tell 
about  the  temples. 

Name  another  land  of  yellow  people. 
Where  is  China  ?  See  page  114. 


93 


65.  Children  of  the  Far  North  The  Eskimo  boy  lives  in  a  hut. 

Far  away  in  the  North  are  the     It  is  built  of  stones,  with  earth 


Eskimos.   They  belong  to  the  fam- 
ily of  yellow  people. 

Here  is  an  Eskimo  boy.    When 
he  was  a  baby  his  mother  kept 
him  in  a  bag  of 
feathers.      That 
was  his  cradle  and 
his  bed.  Day 
after      day 
he  lay  in  a 
smoky    hut, 
till   he   was 
old    enough 

to  walk.    Then  his  mother  made 
him  clothes  out  of  sealskin.   On  his 


Eskimo  boy 

of  the  Far  North 


upon  it  to  keep  out  the  cold 
wind.    The  snow  also  falls 
upon  it  and  helps  to  keep  it 
warm. 

This  boy 
is  old  enough 
to   go  with 
his  father  to 
hunt   seals.     Bring 
out    the    sled    and 
harness    the    dogs. 
Snap!    goes  the  long 
whip.  Away  they 
go  over  the  snow. 
The  father  knows  where  the  seals 


many  a  cozy  nap  the  baby  took  in 
it  before  he  could  walk. 


of  ice. 


jacket  she  sewed  a  fur  hood  to     come  out  of  the  icy  water  to  lie  in 

cover  his  head  on  very  cold  days,     the  sun.    Now  they  are  near  the 

The  mother  has  a  large  hood  on     place.  The  boy  is  left  with  the  dogs. 

the  back  of  her  own  jacket,  and     His  father  creeps  behind  a  block 

Yes,  there  are  the  seals ! 
A  rush,  a  blow, 
and  one  seal  is 
held  on  the  end  of 
the  sharp  spear. 

It  seems  very 
cruel,    but    the 
people  need  food. 
No  fruit  or  grain 
grows  in  that  cold  land. 
There  are  no  cows  to 
milk,  but  there  are  sea 
birds  that  lay  eggs. 


Eskimo  in  a  kayak,  spearing  a  seal 


94 


This  boy  has  no  bread  and  he 
does  not  know  what  the  word 
"  sugar  "  means.  But  now  he  can 
have  meat,  and  the  skin  of  the 
seal  will  make  a  new  jacket  of 
soft  fur. 

It  is  sport  for  the  Eskimo  to 
chase  a  whale.  He  paddles  his 
canoe,  or  kayak,  very  swiftly 
and  throws  a  harpoon  as 
straight  as  an  arrow. 

The  kayak  is  long 
and  narrow.  It  is 
covered  with  seal- 
skins. They  are 
sewed  over  the  top 
of  the  canoe,  mak- 
ing it  water-tight. 
If  a  kayak  upsets, 
an  Eskimo  can  turn 
it  right  side  up 
while  in  the  water. 

These  poor  people 
are  very  glad  to  get 
a  whale.  Under  its 
skin  lies  a  thick 
layer  of  fat,  or  blubber.  This  keeps 
the  icy  water  from  chilling  the 
muscles.  The  Eskimo  uses  this  fat 
to  light  and  warm  his  hut. 

Let  us  go  back  to  the  hut. 
Stoop  low  and  creep  on  your 
hands  and  knees.  Now  we  are 
inside.  Can  this  be  the  home  of 


Eskimo  and  his  hut 


our  little  friend?  How  does  he 
breathe  in  such  a  smoky  place? 
Look  at  the  lamp.  It  is  a  hol- 
low stone,  with  moss  for  a  wick. 
Where  did  the  oil  come  from  ? 
Yes,  it  came  from  the  blubber  of 
the  whale.  The  lamp  smokes  but 
it  keeps  the  hut  warm. 

Look  at  the  little 
Eskimo  as  he  takes 
off  his  jacket.  He 
wears  a  shirt  of 
birdskin,  and  stock- 
ings of  dogskin. 

Now  we  can  see 
his  face.  The  bright 
eyes  are  slanting. 
The  hair  is  coarse 
and  black.  The  skin 
is  brownish  yellow. 
Dinner  is  ready. 
The  Eskimo  boy 
will  have  a  feast 
to-day.  His  mother  has 
given  him  a  wild  duck's 
egg  and  a  large  piece  of 
blubber.  His  father  is  eating  a 
slice  of  raw  frozen  flesh. 

Some  days  they  eat  fish  and 
sea  fowl.  When  they  kill  a  white 
bear,  its  flesh  feeds  them  for  a 
long  time. 

Eskimos  often  move  from  place 
to  place.  They  go  to  find  seals 


95 


and  fish.  Often  they  hunt  far  out 
over  the  frozen  sea.  When  they 
are  to  stay  in  a  place  for  a  short 
time  only,  they  make  huts  out  of 
blocks  of  snow. 

White  people  in  ships  visit  the 
cold  seas  of  the  north  for  whales 
and  seals.  These  people  sell  knives, 
needles,  cloth  and  other  things  to 
the  Eskimos. 

In  autumn  the  days  are  very 
short  in  the  Far  North.  Then  the 


Helps :  —  Where  do  the  Eskimos  live  ? 
Why  is  the  Eskimo  baby  kept  in  a  bag 
of  feathers  ?  Can  you  think  why  the 
people  in  the  Far  North  use  sealskins 
for  clothing? 

Tell  how  the  Eskimo  builds  his  hut. 
Do  you  think  the  Eskimo  is  cruel  when 
he  kills  a  seal  ?  Do  you  eat  meat  ? 

Tell  about  the  canoes.  Why  does  the 
Eskimo  like  to  kill  a  whale?  Of  what 
use  is  blubber  to  a  whale  ?  What  use 
does  the  Eskimo  make  of  blubber  ? 

Tell  about  the  big  lamp  in  the  picture. 
Tell  about  the  Eskimo's  clothing.  Why 


Scene  on  the  ice  in  the  ocean  far  north  of  us 


men  hunt  all  the  time  while  it  is 
light.  They  store  up  food  for  the  long 
winter  nights  that  are  near  at  hand. 
Some  Eskimos  live  in  places 
where  the  longest  night  lasts  many 
weeks.  It  must  be  very  cold  and 
lonely  during  the  long  night.  For 
a  long  time  the  sun  is  not  seen 
even  for  a  minute.  In  summer 
there  is  a  day  just  as  long. 


do  we  think  he  belongs  to  the  yellow 
race  ?  What  other  people  of  this  great 
race  have  we  studied  ? 

What  can  the  Eskimo  boy  get  to  eat  ? 
When  does  he  live  in  a  snow  hut? 

Why  do  sailors  go  to  the  icy  sea  far 
north  of  us  ?  What  may  an  Eskimo  buy 
from  them  ?  What  can  an  Eskimo  pay 
for  such  things  ? 

Tell  about  the  nights  and  days  in  the 
Far  North.  Would  you  like  to  live  there  ? 


96 


66.  Home  of  the  Lapps  Come  out,  little  boy,  where  we 

Is  n't  this  a  warm  hut  ?    See  the  can  see  you.    What  large  round 

thick  sods  upon  it.  The  rain  cannot  eyes  you  have,  and  what  a  tiny 

leak  through  this  roof.    When  the  flat  nose !    Your  face  tells  us  you 

door  is  shut,  cold  air  cannot  get  in.  are  one  of  the  little  yellow  people. 


Hut  of  a  Lapland  family,  with  two  reindeer 


How  dark  the  hut  is  !  There  is 
not  a  single  window.  A  hole  in  the 
top  of  the  roof  lets  the  smoke  out. 

Which  has  the  warmest  coat, 
the  deer,  the  dog  or  the  little  boy 
in  the  door  ?  Do  you  think  this  is 
a  warm  land  or  a  cold  one  ? 


Let  us  look  into  the  hut.  What 
is  this  bundle  that  hangs  from  the 
roof?  It  is  a  hammock  made  of 
the  warm  skin  of  a  deer.  In  it 
swings  a  pretty  baby  girl  with  eyes 
as  bright  and  cheeks  as  soft  as 
your  own. 


97 


Would  you  like  to  know  where         The  Lapps  do  not  see  snow  all 


these  people  live  ? 

Their  home  is  in  the  north  of 
Europe,  near  the  shore  of  the  cold 
ocean.  They  are 
called  Lapps. 
They  live  in  Lap- 
lind  (page,  us). 

Ah!       here 


the  time.  As  early  as  May  fields 
are  dotted  with  flowers,  and  birds 
sing  sweetly.  Later  the  bushes 
are  loaded  with 
berries. 

Now  the  ice 
melts  on  the 
lakes  and  rivers. 


comes    a    snow-  Reindeer  and  sled  The  hungry  trout 

storm.    Now  we  and  salmon  bite 

know  why  the  Lapps  wear  high     quickly  at  the  hooks.    The  Lapps 
boots.     Let  us  hurry  into  the  hut.     bring  out  their  tents  and  go  from 
See  the  long  strips  of  smoked     place  to  place,  looking  for  pastures 


meat.  Here  are  dishes  of 
sweet  milk  also,  and  new 
cheese.  Do  you  wonder  that 
the  Lapps  are  kind  to  the 
deer  ?  Where  do  you  think 
all  this  food  came  from  ? 

At  night  the  children 
sleep  side  by  side  between 
warm  deerskins. 

These  are  reindeer.  In 
summer  they  bite  off  tender 
shoots  of  bushes  and  low 
trees.  In  winter  they  paw 
away  the  snow  to  find  moss. 

It  has  stopped  snowing.  A  Lapp 

Now  for  a  ride  !  Harness  a 
deer  to  a  sled  and  away  we  will  fly 
over  the  snow.    How  fast  we  go ! 
The  master  says  the  deer  can  go  a 
hundred  miles  in  one  day. 


for  the  deer. 

Helps :  —  Where  do  the  Lapps 
live  ?  What  does  the  picture 
show  about  their  hut  ?  How 
does  the  picture  show  that  this 
is  a  cold  land  ? 

How  does  the  little  boy  look  ? 
Tell  what  is  in  the  hut.  Of  what 
use  are  reindeer  ?  What  do  they 
feed  on  ? 

What  do  the  Lapp  children 
see  in  the  spring?  What  can 
they  catch  in  the  lakes  and 
rivers  ?  Why  do  the  Lapps 
wander  about  in  summer? 

Can   you   tell   some   of   the 
sights  the  Kongo  children  see, 
that  the  little  Lapps  never  see  ? 
What  would  the  boys  and  girls  of 
Japan  miss   if  they  went  to  Lapland 
to  live  ? 

Name  some  of  the  kinds  of  food  Lapps 
eat,  that  Eskimos  do  not  have. 


98 


67.  Children  of  the  Desert 
We  start  to-day  for  a  land  that 
is  far  away.  It  is  nearly  halfway 
round  the  earth  from  us.  First  we 
will  go  to  the  great  port  of  New 
York.  Then  for  two  weeks  we  will 
sail  to  the  east  on  the  ocean  and 
on  the  long  sea  north  of  Africa. 


Arabs  and  their  camels  resting  in  the  desert 

At  the  east  end  of  this  sea  camels 
are  waiting  for  us.  They  kneel  for 
us  to  get  on  their  backs.  Now  we 
are  off  on  our  trip  over  the  desert. 

How  dry  and  sandy  the  land  is. 
How  hot  the  air  !  The  first  night 
we  camp  near  a  well  of  cool  water. 
In  the  morning  we  are  off  again. 
Before  noon  we  reach  another 
well.  Here  we  rest  till  the  sun  is 
low  in  the  sky.  When  the  air  is 
cooler  we  move  on. 


Days  pass  and  we  are  still  on 
the  hot  sand.  Now  the  wells  are 
far  apart.  We  must  carry  water 
in  bags  made  of  camel's  skin. 

It  is  noon.  We  halt  for  the 
day.  How  the  sun  beats  down ! 

See  the  dust  whirling  toward 
us !  What  is  going  to  happen  ? 
The  camels 
are  burying 
their  noses 
in  the  sand. 
It  is  a  hot 
whirlwind. 
We  must  be 
quick,  or  it 
will  reach  us 
before  we  are 
ready  for  it. 
Put  a  piece 
of  cloth  on 
the  sand  and 

press  your  face  hard  down  into  it. 
Breathe  the  air  from  the  sand. 

Now  the  wind  is  here.  We  are 
stifling  !  It  feels  like  hot  coals  on 
our  bodies.  The  sand  almost  buries 
us.  Five  minutes  pass.  They  seem 
like  hours.  The  camels  are  raising 
their  heads.  The  storm  is  over. 
This  is  the  simoon,  or  stifling  wind 
of  the  desert. 

As  we  travel  over  the  hot  sand 
clouds  of  locusts  fly  about  us. 


99 


Bees  and  wasps  swarm  upon  the 
rocks  that  jut  out  of  the  sand 
Scorpions  with  poison  stings  creep 
over  the  dry  surface. 

There  is  not  much  plant  life. 
The  camels  find  small  tufts  of  grass 
and  a  few  thistles. 

Now  our  road  leads  over  higher 
land.  We  see  tents  un- 
der date  palms.  Far 
ahead  low  moun- 
tains rise  on  the 
plain.     To- 
morrow  our 
journey  will 
end. 

Here  we 
are  at  length 
in  a  land  of 
flowers.  It 
looks  like  an 
island  gar- 
den in  a  sea 
of  drifting 
sand.  Here 
are  date  palms  and  fields  of  grain. 
This  is  the  land  of  the  Arabs.  It 
is  in  the  southwest  corner  of  Asia. 
See  map  on  page  114. 

The  Arab  boys  are  quite  dark 
but  they  belong  to  the  white  fam- 
ily or  race. 

Would  you  like  to  go  to  school 
with  these  Arab  boys?  They  sit 


Arab  school 


on  the  floor  to  study.  They  are 
reading  from  a  book  that  tells 
them  not  to  press  wine  from 
grapes.  In  all  this  land  no  wine 
is  made,  but  grapes  are  eaten. 

School  is  over  for  the  day,  and 
our  little  friends  will  show  us  their 
home.  First  we  must  see  the  horses. 
How  the  Arab  loves  his 
horse !  He  oils  its 
hoofs  so  that  the 
hot  sand  will  not 
crack  them. 
He  gives  it 
green  grass 
and  pure  wa- 
er.  Often  he 
feeds  it  on 
sweet  dates 
and  barley. 
He  puts  no 
bit  between 
its  teeth  but 
guides  with 
his  knees. 
Now  we  will  look  at  the  camels. 
To  the  Arabs  they  are  more  use- 
ful than  horses. 

One  kind  of  camel  is  used  for 
speed.  Another  carries  heavy 
loads.  The  former  will  run  a 
hundred  miles  a  day.  In  the  cool 
part  of  the  year  it  can  travel  eight 
days  without  drinking. 


100 


For  supper  we  drink  camel's 
milk  and  eat  its  boiled  flesh.  We 
have  fresh  butter  and  cheese,  but 
these  are  made  of 
goat's  milk. 

The  hair  of  the 
camel  is  soft  and 
fine.  It  is  used 
in  making  cloth. 
Some  of  the  Arab 
tents  are  made  of 
this  kind  of  cloth. 

We  need  not 
stop  to  look  at  the 
goats,  the  sheep  and  the  cattle. 
We  can  see  many  like  them  in 
our  own  land,  when  we  go  home. 


A  coffee  branch 


Arab  family  of  southwest  Asia 


Let  us  go  into  the  gardens.  Here 
are  bright  flowers,  and  date  trees 
wave  in  the  valleys.  We  eat  fresh 


dates  and  at  the  table  we  have 
sweet  cakes  made  of  the  same  kind 
of  fruit.  This  is  a  useful  fruit. 

Coffee  is  the 
chief  drink  of  the 
Arabs.  The  coffee 
berries  grow  on  the 
hilly  lands  not  far 
from  the  sea.  They 
grow  also  in  other 
lands,  far  from  the 
home  of  the  Arabs. 
Some  Arabs  live 
in  good  houses  of 
stone,  bricks  or  wood.  They  have 
towns  and  cities.  The  people  are 
kind  and  polite.  We  are  sorry  to 
leave  the  dusky  white 
boys,  but  we  must  go 
back  to  the  dearest 
land  of  all. 

Helps  :  —  Tell  how  we 
reach  the  land  of  the 
Arabs.  Why  are  wells 
made  in  the  desert  ? 

Tell  about  the  simoon. 
Name  some  of  the  things 
seen  in  the  desert.  Where 
is  the  land  of  the  Arabs  ? 
Tell  about  the  Arab 
school.     What  is   said 
about  horses  ?  Tell  what 
you  can  about  camels. 
Tell  what  you  can  about  the  food  of 
the  Arabs.    What  is  their  chief  drink  ? 
Do  all  Arabs  live  in  tents  ? 


101 


68.  The  Brown  People 
This  girl  has  brown  skin.    Her 
hair  is  long  and  straight.  Her  eyes 


slant  a  little.  This 
is  the  brother  of  the 
girl.  He  is  strong, 
and  can  run  fast  and 
wrestle. 

These  little  people 
live  on  the  island  of 
Java.   It  is  southeast  of  Asia.   See 
map  on  page  114. 

Java  is  close  by  the  equator,  in 
the  hot  part  of  the  earth.    Heavy 


rain  falls  there.  It  is  a  land  of 
fruit  and  flowers.  It  is  so  pretty 
that  people  call  it  the  "Pearl  of 
the  East."  Here  is  the  home  of 
our  brown  friends.  It  is  a  hut  in 
a  grove  and  is  made  of  bamboo. 

The  brown  girl  keeps  the  hut 
very  neat.    She  stuffs  pillows  with 
soft  white  down  that  grows  on  a 
tree  near  by.    She   weaves   dried 
grass   into  mats  for  beds.    Then 
she  covers  them  with  pretty  cloth. 
Her   brother 
pounds  the  husks 
off  the  rice  they 
will     have     for 
breakfast.     Then 
he   gathers  coco- 
nuts and  a  bunch 
of  bananas. 

This  fruit  is 
eaten  raw,  but 
the  mother  cooks 
the  rice  till  it  is 
soft  and  white. 
The  only  table  is 
a  mat,  and  all  sit 
upon  the  ground 
while  eating. 

Now  they  are 
ready  for  the  day's  work.  The 
coffee  berries  are  turning  dark  red 
and  it  is  time  to  pick  them.  This 
will  be  the  work  of  the  mother 


A  brown  girl  and  boy  of  Java 


102 


and  the  girl.    The  father  and  the 

boy  must  let  water  in  over  the 

rice  field. 

A  coffee  tree  is  a  pretty  sight. 

It  has  gray  bark,  green  leaves  and 
white  waxy 
blossoms.  The 
seed  pods  of 
the  blossoms 
grow  and  grow 
to  clusters  of 
berries  that 
look  like  rosy 
cherries. 

The  berries 
are  picked  and 
spread  out  to 
dry.  Then  the 

pulp  is  pounded  or  rolled  off,  and 

out  come  the  coffee  seeds  ready 

for  market. 

By   ten   o'clock   the 

sun  is  so  hot  that  work 

in  the  fields  is  stopped. 

Now  the  brown  people 

sit  in  the  shade  of  palm 

trees  and  make  baskets. 

When  thirsty  they  cut 

open    a    coconut    and 

drink  the  cool  water  or 

"  milk  "  that  is  inside. 
The  father  says  that 

snares  must  be  set,  for 

great  bats  have  been 


A  brown  man 


nibbling  in  the 
corn.  Have  you 
ever  seen  the 
little  bats  that 
look  like  mice 
with  wings? 

Some  of  the 
bats  of  Java  are 
very  large  and 
are  called  flying 
foxes.  During 
the  day  they 
hang  in  trees,  but 
in  the  evening 
they  fly  about 
for  food.  Snares 
and  nets  will  be  set  for  them. 

By  four  o'clock  the  air  is  cooler. 
The  father  goes  back  to  the  rice 
field.  The  little  girl  helps  her 


Girl  of  Java 


;    ' 


103 


mother  spin  cotton  into  yarn. 
Some  day  they  will  weave  the 
yarn  into  cloth  and  make  new 
clothes. 

But  what  is  the  brown  boy  do- 


ing 


He  is  off  for  a  cave  where 


swallows  build  their  nests.  They 
plaster  them  upon  the  rocks.  A 
few  of  these  nests 
will  make  soup  for 
supper.  Many  of 
the  swallows'  nests 
are  sold  to  people 
of  China. 

These  brown 
people  are  called 
Malays.  Most  of 
them  live  on  the 
islands  southeast 
of  Asia.  In  some 
places  they  have 
built  large  cities,  Filipino 

but   some    of   the 
brown  people  are  fierce  savages. 

The  white  man  rules  over  most 
of  the  brown  people.  The  Filipinos 
are  brown.  Their  islands  are  un- 
der the  care  of  our  country.  They 
built  the  large  city  of  Manila. 

Helps  :  —  What  do  the  pictures  show 
about  the  brown  people  ? 

Where  is  Java  ?  Why  do  so  many 
fruits  and  flowers  grow  there  ?  Tell  all 
you  can  about  the  work  of  the  little 


brown  girl.  Tell  about  the  work  of 
the  brown  boy.  Name  some  products  of 
Java.  What  do  you  know  about  coffee  ? 

What  is  said  about  bats  ?  What  is 
said  about  the  nests  of  swallows  ? 

What  other  name  is  given  to  the 
brown  people  ?  Are  they  all  alike  ? 

Find  out  all  you  can  about  the  Fili- 
pinos. What  large  city  have  they  built  ? 

69.  In  the  Lowlands 

To-day  we  will 
visit  Holland,1  the 
land  of  canals.  It 
is  part  of  a  low 
plain.  Across  it  the 
river  Rhine  flows 
to  the  sea. 

Holland  is  in 
Europe.  It  is  far  to 
the  east,  over  the 
ocean.  The  people 
are  called  Dutch. 

This  land  has 
many  canals  and  ditches.  Its  wide 
meadows  look  as  level  as  a  floor. 
No  fences  are  needed  where  there 
are  so  many  canals. 

Boats  with  white  sails  seem  to 
skim  over  the  meadows,  but  of 
course  they  are  sailing  on  the 
canals.  Girls  often  handle  boats 
better  than  the  boys  do. 

1  Holland  is  also  called  The  Netherlands, 
meaning  "the  lowlands."  See  page  113. 


brown  girl 


104 


Some  of  the  children  spend  all 
their  lives  on  boats.  They  go  from 
place  to  place  along  the  canals, 
where  their  fathers  find  work. 
When  old  enough  the  boys  have 
boats  of  their  own  on  the  canals. 

Let  us  take  a  trip  on  one  of 
the  house  boats.    See  the  long 
rows  of  windmills  !    They  are 
pumping  water  from  the  low 
fields  into  ditches.   The  land  is 
so  low  the  water  cannot  run 
off.    When  the  corn  is  ripe  the 
windmills  will 
help  to  grind  it 
into  meal. 

What  are 
these  men  do- 
ing ?  They  are 
cutting  strips  of 
soft  earth  and 

putting      them  Windmill  by  a 

where  they  will  dry.  The  strips  are 
filled  with  roots  and  grass.  This  is 
peat.  It  will  be  sold  for  fuel. 

Here  is  a  band  of  haymakers. 
See  the  girls  working  in  the  field. 
Yes,  the  mothers  and  sisters  often 
make  hay,  dig  potatoes,  sow  grain, 
hoe  corn  and  do  other  kinds  of 
work.  They  even  help  to  draw 
boats  along  the  canals. 

What  queer  shoes  the  horses 
wear  in  the  fields  !  They  are  small 


boards  tied  under  the  hoofs.    Can 
you  think  what  they  are  for  ? 

A  large  part  of  this  low  land 
is  soft  and  boggy.  It  seems  like  a 
wet  sponge.  The  ground  trembles 
under  the  children  at  play.  If  it 
were  not  for  the  wide  shoes,  the 
horses  would 
sink  deep  into 
the  soil. 

What  a  land 
this  is  for  bare- 
foot girls  and 
boys!  They 
can  splash  in 
the  puddles, 
wade  in  the 
ditches,  sail 
boats  on  the 
long  canals 
and  catch  fish 
everywhere. 
You  should  see  the  Dutch  chil- 
dren in  winter.  Then  the  canals 
are  frozen.  How  swiftly  they  skim 
over  the  ice !  The  canals  are  alive 
with  skaters. 

Poor  children  use  wooden  skates 
but  they  have  fun.  People  go  to 
market  on  skates.  Here  is  a  girl 
going  to  sell  a  basket  of  eggs.  She 
will  bring  back  a  small  red  cheese 
and  a  loaf  of  bread  about  two 
feet  long. 


canal  in  Holland 


105 


Would  you  like  to  wear  wooden 
shoes  ?  Of  course  you  would  take 
them  off  at  the  door  and  not  wear 
them  in  the  house. 

Here  we  are  at  a  bridge.  Our 
house  boat  cannot  pass  till  the 
bridge  is  raised.  The  men  who 
move  the  bridge  swing  out  to  us 
a  little  wooden  shoe  on  the  end  of 
a  pole  and  line,  and  we  drop  into 
it  a  small  piece  of  money 
to  pay  them  for  their  work. 

Now  we  are  near  a  city. 
It  looks  like  a  forest  of  masts, 
trees  and  steeples.  Boats, 
boats  sail  everywhere  !  The 
houses  are  very  neat.  Per- 
haps the  kitchen  is  the  front 
room,  but  what  of  it  ? 

Would  you  like  to  live  in 
Holland  ? 

Helps  :  —  Where  is  Holland  ?  What 
are  its  people  called  ?  What  river  flows 
across  this  low  land  ? 

Why  are  no  fences  needed  ?  In  low, 
level  land  would  the  water  in  canals  be 
swift  or  slow  ? 

Why  are  so  many  house  boats  used  ? 
Of  what  use  are  the  windmills  ?  What 
do  the  poor  Dutch  use  for  fuel  ? 

What  kind  of  work  do  the  women 
help  to  do  ?  Name  some  of  the  farm 
products  of  Holland. 

What  is  said  about  shoes  for  horses  ? 

Tell  about  the  canals  in  winter.  Have 
you  read  "  Hans  Brinker  "  ? 


What  is  said  about  the  bridge  over 
the  canal  ? 

What  new  things  would  an  Eskimo 
boy  see  if  he  were  to  visit  Holland? 
What  would  the  Dutch  boy  miss  if  he 
went  to  live  in  the  icy  land  of  the 
Eskimo  ? 

What  would  the  Lapp  boy  miss  if  he 
went  to  live  in  Holland  ?  Could  he  wear 
the  same  kind  of  clothing  ? 

Would  you  rather  live  in  Holland  or 
in  the  land  of  the  Arabs  ?  Tell  why. 


When  a  dike  breaks  in  Holland 

70.  In  the  Highlands 

Let  us  leave  the  land  of  canals 
and  sail  far  up  the  river  Rhine. 
Hans,  a  Dutch  boy,  will  go  with 
us  to  visit  the  Swiss  boys  in  the 
high  Alps.  See  map  on  page  113. 

How  strange  the  place  looks  to 
Hans !  He  has  always  lived  on 
low  land  by  the  sea.  Now  for  the 
first  time  he  sees  high  mountains. 
Snow  lies  upon  them  all  the  year. 

Here  we  are  in  a  pretty  vil- 
lage, close  by  the  snowy  peaks. 


106 


A  Swiss  boy  comes  down  the  road  Carts  are  loaded   with  food  and 

to  meet  us.  bedding  for  them.  The  boys  are 

What  do  you  think  Hans  misses  happy.  They  are  going  on  a  long 

most  ?  Yes,  the  quiet  canals.  Here  trip. 

he  sees  no  white  sails  skimming         When  all  are  ready  they  set  out 

about.     The    Swiss    streams  rush  with  long  lines  of  cattle  and  sheep. 

and  roar  over  steep  rocky  beds.  The  flocks  graze  for  a  few  days  at 


The  Swiss  boy  comes  running  to  meet  Hans 


Hans  feels  of  the  water  and  finds 
it  icy  cold.  He  cannot  go  wading 
here.  The  water  comes  from  a  gla- 
cier, or  river  of  ice,  that  slowly 
creeps  down  the  slope. 

The  Swiss  village  is  all  alive  to- 
day. Spring  has  come.  The  flocks 
must  be  driven  to  the  high  grassy 
valleys  in  the  mountains. 

The  men  with  the  flocks  will 
be  away  from  home  all  summer. 


the  foot  of  the  range.  As  the  snow 
melts  they  climb  higher.  In  the 
high  valleys  they  find  the  grass 
green  and  tender.  Here  they  will 
feed  till  the  snow  comes  again. 

The  boys  help  to  tend  the  flocks. 
Then  they  play  by  the  swift 
streams  or  gather  wild  flowers. 
Once  in  a  w^hile  they  see  a  chamois, 
as  it  leaps  from  rock  to  rock  far 
above  them. 


107 


The  chamois  looks  partly  like  a  rocks  whirl  down  the  slope.  The 
deer  and  partly  like  a  goat.  It  is  earth  trembles.  The  flying  mass 
very  shy  and  has  keen  scent  and 
sight.  It  is  hard  to  shoot. 


In  winter  it  feeds  on  the  tender 
shoots  of  fir  and  pine  trees. 


gives  out  a  loud  roar. 

When  it  is  over,  Hans  tells  a 
story  about  the  sea  breaking  its 
banks    and   flooding   his    father's 
field.  The  Swiss  boy 
tells  about  the  snow 
that  slid  down  last 
winter    and    buried 
part  of  his  village. 

Weeks  pass.    At 
length  the  snow  falls 
a  little  lower  on  the 
slopes.     The   snow 
cap  creeps  down  into 
the    high   valleys 
where  the  flocks  are. 
They  must  start  for 
home  or  they  may  be 
caught  in  a  storm. 
In  summer  it  is  found  close  to  the         It  is  the  middle  of  September, 
snow  cap  on  the  highest  peaks.          All  the  village  is  dressed  for  a  holi- 
The  chamois  is  noted  for  its  long     day.    To-day  the  men  come  with 
leaps  over  chasms.    It  is  often  seen     the    flocks    from   the    mountains. 

The  girls  and  boys  march  out 
with  bells  and  flags  to  meet  them. 
The  day  is  given  to  sports  and 
games.  The  young  men  wrestle, 
run  races  and  shoot.  In  the  even- 
ing bonfires  are  lighted.  While 
the  young  people  are  dancing,  the 


Scene  in  the  high  Alps 


playing  in  the  light  snow. 

At  times  the  boys  lie  awake  and 
listen  to  the  ice  river.  It  cracks  as 
it  moves  slowly  past  the  cabin. 

One  day  the  boys  see  a  great 
mass  of  ice  and  snow  slide  into 


the    valley.     At    first    it    moves 

slowly,  but  soon  it  crashes  along,     snow  begins  to  fall.    Winter  is  at 

Large  trees  snap  and  break.   Great     hand. 


108 


What  have  the  girls  and  boys 
been  doing  all  summer?  They 
have  helped  their  mothers  mow 
grass,  take  care  of  the  gardens 
and  make  straw  hats.  They 
have  milked  cows  and 
goats  and  have  made 
butter  and  cheese.  You 
know  how  butter  and 


A  Swiss  girl  and  her  cabin  in  the  Alps 

cheese  are  made.  In  this  Swiss 
village  the  swift  streams  are  made 
to  turn  the  churns. 

Milk  and  cheese  are  used  for 
food.  Very  little  meat  is  eaten. 
Potatoes  are  raised,  and  these  often 
take  the  place  of  bread.  The  or- 
chards have  apples  and  pears. 

Every  year  many  people  visit 
the  Alps.  They  like  to  see  the 


snowy  peaks,  the  long  glaciers, 
the  high  falls  and  pretty  lakes. 
Young  Swiss  men  act  as  guides. 
Now  the  time  has  come  for  Hans 
to  go  back  to  his  home  by 
the  canals.  He  will  stop 
for  a  few  days  in  the 
Swiss  city  of  Geneva, 
to  see  the  workshops. 
Here  he  will  watch 
the  people  spin  silk  and 
weave  wool  into  cloth.  He 
will  also  see  them  make 
watches  and  music  boxes. 

Helps  :  —  Where  do  the 
Swiss  people  live  ?  What  high 
mountains  do  they  see  ? 

WThy  are  the  Swiss  streams 
cold  ?  Why  are  they  swift  ? 

Why  do  the  flocks  go  to  the 
high  valleys  ?  Why  do  they 
not  go  to  the  top  of  the  moun- 
tains ?  Tell  about  the  chamois. 
Tell  about  the  snowslide. 

When  do  the  flocks  go  down 

to  the  village  ?    Tell  about  the  holiday. 

What  kinds  of  work  have  the  girls  and 

boys  in  the  village  been  doing  ?    What 

kinds  of  food  do  the  Swiss  people  eat  ? 

Why  do  many  people  visit  the  Alps  ? 

Name  a  Swiss  city.   What  do  the  people 

of  Geneva  make  ? 

What  would  the  Swiss  boy  miss  if  he 
went  to  live  with  the  Arabs  ? 

Now  we  have  seen  homes  in  many 
lands.  If  you  could  not  live  in  your  own 
land,  which  would  you  choose  ? 


109 


NORTH 
AMERICA 


SCALE  OF  MILES 


0  100  -100      (500      800     1000 


110 


SOUTH 
ERICA 


112 


114 


C.VFE  OF  GOOD  IMJfPE 

CCAI'E  COLOXY 
Cape  Towii 
C«peo/ Good  HOP* 


115 


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BERKELEY 


JUL  11 

JAN  81 


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